Alcohol Reactions Flashcards
Halogenoalkanes -> Primary Alcohol
Type: Nucleophilic Substitution
Conditions: Reflux
Reagent: Aqueous NaOH
C2H5Cl + NaOH -> C2H5OH + NaCl
Halogenoalkanes -> Secondary Alcohol
Type: Nucleophilic Substitution
Conditions: Reflux
Reagent: Aqueous NaOH
C2H5CHClCH3 + NaOH -> C2H5CH(OH)CH3 + NaCl
Aldehyde -> Primary Alcohol
Type: Reduction Conditions: -Anhydrous if LiAlH4 is used Reagent: LiAlH4 in dry ether or Sodium Borohydride in water
CH3CHO + 2[H] -> CH3CH2OH
Ketone -> Secondary Alcohol
Type: Reduction Conditions: -Anhydrous if LiAlH4 is used Reagent: LiAlH4 in dry ether or Sodium Borohydride in water
CH3COC2H5 + 2[H] -> CH3(CHOH)C2H5
Alcohol reactions with Hydrogen Halides
ROH + HX -> RX +H20
X = Halogen
Reaction = Basis of Lucas test
-Distinguishes between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols
Reagent: Anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated HCL
Primary Alcohol - No indication of reaction
Secondary Alcohol - Cloudiness after time
Tertiary Alcohol - Instant cloudiness
Alcohol -> Ester
Carboxylic Acid
Type: Esterification
Conditions: Reflux
Reagent: Carboxylic Acid
Catalyst: Concentrated H2SO4 (Few drops)
CH3COOH + CH3OH ->CH3COOCH3 + H2O
Alcohol -> Ester
Acid Chloride
Type: Esterification/Addition-Elimination
Conditions: Room Temperature
Reagent: Acid Chloride
RCOCl + CH3OH -> RCOOCH3 + HCl
Alcohol -> Ester
Acid Anhydride
Type: Esterification/Addition-Elimination
Conditions:
-Room Temperature
Reagent: Acid Anhydride
CH3(CO)O(CO)CH3 +CH3OH -> CH3COOCH3 + CH3COOH
Primary Alcohol -> Aldehyde
Type: Oxidation
Conditions: Distillation
Reagent: Potassium Dichromate +Concentrated Sulfuric Acid
CH3CH2OH + [O] ->CH3CHO + H2O
Primary Alcohol -> Carboxylic Acid
Type: Oxidation
Conditions: Reflux
Reagent: Potassium Dichromate + Concentrated Sulfuric Acid
CH3CH2OH + 2[O] -> CH3COOH + H2O
Secondary Alcohol -> Ketone
Type: Oxidation
Reagent: Potassium Dichromate + Concentrated Sulfuric Acid
CH3CHOHCH3 + [O] -> CH3COCH3 + H2O
Primary Alcohol -> Aldehydes and Ketones
Conditions:
- Alcohol must be vaporised
- 500°C
Catalyst: Copper
RCH2OH -> RCHO + H2
R2CHOH -> R2CO + H2
Carboxylic Acid -> Primary Alcohol
Type: Reduction
Reagent: Lithium Aluminium Hydride in dry ether
RCOOH + 4[H] -> RCH2OH + H2O
NaBH4 can’t be used as a reducing agent in this reaction because it’s not reactive enough
Alcohol -> Halogenoalkane
Conditions: Reflux
Reagents: H2SO4/NaBr
C2H5OH + H+ + Br- -> C2H5Br+ H2O
Alcohol -> Alkene
Type: Dehydration/Elimination
Catalyst: Concentrated H2SO4
CH3CH2OH -> C2H4 + H2O
