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2MB Clasp Alcohol > Alcohol Formative > Flashcards

Alcohol Formative Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver is mediated by which inflammatory cell?

A

Hepatic Stellate Cells

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2
Q

Persistent Vomiting may result in…?

A

Metabolic Alkalosis

In the case of Pyloric Sphincter Stenosis, only gastric content (acid) will be lost and NOT duodenal (alkaline) content

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3
Q

Which clotting factor is NOT made in the liver?

A

Clotting Factor 8.

Clotting factors 10, 9, 7 and 2 are all made in the liver.

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4
Q

Where does aspiration pneumonia typically occur?

A

Superior Aspect of Lower Lobe of Right Lung.

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5
Q

Persistent vomiting causing a gastric tear is known as…?

A

Boerhaave Syndrome.

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6
Q

Alcohol confers the strongest risk for…?

A

Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Drinking 1.5units/day increases risk by 30%. Moreover, with smoking, risk increases too.

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7
Q

The recommended alcohol intake per week is…?

A

14 units of alcohol a week.

This is the same for men and women.

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8
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase is concentrated in the lungs.

True or false?

A

False.

ALP is found in the liver, bone, kidney, placenta and small intestine.

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9
Q

Treatments intended to manage ascites in cirrhosis aim to reduce…?

A

Sodium Levels

Where sodium goes, fluid goes (Theory of Osmolarity) - treatment used is Spironolactone which reduces Sodium levels but spares Potassium levels.

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10
Q

Alcohol is associated with an accumulation of…?

A

Lipids in hepatocytes - Think Steatosis.

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11
Q

A patient with LFTs showing to have normal GGT, ALT and AST but high ALP is most likely to have…?

A

Bone Disease.

Raised ALP WITH raised GGT indicates liver damage.

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12
Q

Jaundice as a result of alcoholic hepatitis is caused by an accumulation of…?

A

Unconjugated Bilirubin.

Due to impaired function of the liver preventing hepatocytes from converting bilirubin from unconjugated to conjugated.

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13
Q

Alcohol consumption from the body can be sped up.

True or false?

A

False. It really is a matter of time.

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14
Q

Is Caput Medusa associated with Alcohol?

A

Yes, occurs as a result of Portal Hypertension from a damaged liver.

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15
Q

In general, females become more rapidly intoxicated than males because…?

A

They have lower Alcohol Dehydrogenase.

Women also have lower lean body mass, lower fluid compartments to allow for circulating volume and higher levels of fat.

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16
Q

The liver enzyme AST is short for?

A

Aspartate Aminotransferase.

17
Q

The liver enzyme ALT is short for?

A

Alanine Aminotransferase.

18
Q

Microscopically, hepatocytes are bordered by…?

A

The Space of Disse.

This is the space between the hepatocyte and Portal Triads, particularly the Sinusoids of the Hepatic Artery and Portal Vein.

19
Q

Antabuse (Disulfiram) is a drug that works by inhibiting…?

A

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase.

This prevents the conversion of Acetaldehyde into Acetate, making drinking much less pleasurable. However, new studies are showing that the effects of Acetaldehyde to lessen the desire to drink are not as strong as originally thought.

20
Q

The term ‘Inotrope’ refers to…?

A

Cardiac Contractility.

21
Q

Acute Pancreatitis is associated with Steroid Use.

True or false?

A

True, remember the acronym IGETSMASHED:

Idiopathic 
Gallstones
Ethanol
Trauma
Scorpion rings
Mumps/Malignancies
Autoimmune 
Steroids
Hyperglycaemia, Hyperlipidaemia
ERCP
Drugs
22
Q

Alcohol is known to be associated with Alzheimer’s Dementia.
True or false?

A

True.

This is due to the depressant effect alcohol has on the CNS as well as the sudden jolts/movements/falls that occur when drunk which can cause injury to the head and therefore, brain.

23
Q

Alcohol is initially metabolised by Alcohol Dehydrogenase.

True or false?

A

True, to be converted into Acetaldehyde

24
Q

What kind of Shock may someone suffering from Haematemesis have?

A

Hypovolaemic Shock due to the loss of blood.

25
Q

Where is the Respiratory Cortex found in the Brain?

A

Lower Brain Stem.

Remember:
Cortex - Cerebrum
Limbic System - Cerebrum
Cerebellum is the site associated with movement. Reticular Formation in the Upper Brain Stem is associated with consciousness.
Lower Brain Stem associated with Breathing, Blood Pressure, Temperature and Heart Rate.

26
Q

Dupuytren’s Contracture is caused by…?

A

Localised scarring (Fibrosis) of the Palmar Fascia.

Mechanism unknown but is seen in alcoholics, diabetics and those taking anti-epileptic drugs.

27
Q

Chronic alcoholism is associated with…?

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Due to the negative inotropic effect of alcohol causing poor contractility. In the long term, chronic alcoholism can also lead to a long QT interval as a result of electrolyte imbalance (nutrient deficiency e.g. Sodium, potassium, calcium) as well as poor contractility.

28
Q

What is NOT contained within the Portal Triad of the Liver?

A

Hepatocyte - The Hepatocyte is the site of delivery for the Portal Triad.

29
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the heart?

A

Vagus Nerve, which provides Parasympathetic Innervation to the heart to create a negative chronotropic effect.

30
Q

The Ligamentum Teres within the Falciform Ligament is formed from which embryological structure?

A

Umbilical Vein

31
Q

Is Splenomegaly associated with Portal Hypertension?

A

Yes, splenomegaly is a consequence of portal hypertension.

32
Q

In the normal bilirubin pathway, the substance from which bilirubin is formed is…?

A

Biliverdin.

In the Spleen and Liver, red blood cells who are nearing the end of their life expectancy (3-4months or around 125 days), are broken down. This includes their haemoglobin which is broken down into Haem and Globin. The Haem is further broken down by Haemoglobin Oxydase, into Iron, which is reabsorbed and Biliverdin. The Biliverdin us then converted into Unconjugated Bilirubin by Biliverdin Reductase.

33
Q

What Syndrome is Severe Hepatitis is associated with?

A

Hepatorenal syndrome.

34
Q

The legal age of drinking alcohol unsupervised at home is?

A

5 years old

35
Q

The Liver is divided into how many segments?

A

8

36
Q

Embryologically the liver is derived from…?

A

Foregut (Junction of the foregut going into midgut)

37
Q

After use of muscle glycogen, the liver can produce ‘new glucose’ through what process?

A

Gluconeogenesis

38
Q

What are the common causes of Chronic Pancreatitis?

A

1/3 Gallstones, 1/3 Autoimmune, 1/3 Alcohol

The Rule of Thirds

39
Q

What mucosa lines the mouth, anus, oesophagus, first part of the nasal canal?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

2MB Clasp Alcohol (1 decks)

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