Alcohol and Water

Question 1

Summarize the key roles of water in the body.

Answer 1

Body temp regulation
Metabolic processes
Transports nutrients and waste
Lubricant and shock absorber (joints)
Component of body fluids

Question 2

water and body temperature regulation

Answer 2

water absorbs excess heat, body secretes fluids via perspiration, and then skin is cooled as perspiration evaporates

Question 3

water and metabolic processes

Answer 3

acts as both a solvent and reactant in chemical reactions. Participates in chemical reactions (such as hydrolysis) .

Question 4

daily water needs of humans.

Answer 4

You need as much water as you lose
For Men: 3.7 L- about 13 cups a day should come from beverages
For Women: 2.7 L- about 9 cups a day should come from beverages

Question 5

Define water balance and its components

Answer 5

Water in versus water out
Water In: food, beverages, metabolism
Water Out: kidneys, skin, lungs, feces, perspiration

Question 6

foods with high water content

Answer 6

lettuce, asparagus, skim milk (fruits and vegetables in general)

Question 7

foods with low water content

Answer 7

white sugar, gelatin, bread

Question 8

Factors that affect thirst

Answer 8

affected by alcohol, caffeine, medications, life stage, illness, environment

Question 9

Water intoxication

Answer 9

Over hydration of cells can cause muscle cramps, lowered blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, compulsions, coma, death, Happens in infants fed too much diluted formula

Question 10

Define moderate alcohol consumption for both men and women

Answer 10

Men: 2 drinks/day or less
Women: 1 drink/day or less

Question 11

Define one drink when referring to an alcoholic beverage

Answer 11

One drink has 0.5 oz of pure ethanol (5 oz wine, 12 oz beer, 1 ½ oz hard liquor)

Question 12

MEOS

Answer 12

microsomal ethanol oxidizing system: this pathway is normally used to metabolize drugs. With excess alcohol intake, alcohol dehydrogenase cannot keep up and MEOS takes over. This increases alcohol metabolism and therefore increases alcohol tolerance. There is the potential of drug overdose since alcohol metabolism takes first priority. Drugs sit in body longer and have detrimental health effects

Question 13

Where is alcohol metabolized

Answer 13

Ethanol is metabolized 20% by stomach cells, but the majority in the liver.

Since NADH is produced during ethanol metabolism, the TCA cycle is turned off. The Acetyl CoA cannot enter the TCA cycle, so they are converted to triglycerides. (Alcohol acts like a fat)

Question 14

ADH

Answer 14

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 15

Where is alcohol stored?

Answer 15

It cannot be stored and thus takes priority in metabolism processes. Ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde via the enzyme ADH which then through chemical reactions becomes acetyl CoA.

Question 16

What happens after alcohol is converted to acetyl CoA?

Answer 16

Since NADH is produced during ethanol metabolism, the TCA cycle is turned off. The Acetyl CoA cannot enter the TCA cycle, so they are converted to triglycerides. (Alcohol acts like a fat)

Question 17

health benefits associated with moderate alcohol consumption

Answer 17

Cardiovascular benefits
Increase insulin sensitivity
Increase bone mineral content
Decrease risk for dementia
Decrease risk for stomach bacterial infections
Dark beer may supply B vits and Fe
Dark beer/wine has polyphenols (antioxidant properties)
Relaxation/socialization

Question 18

What are the cardiovascular benefits of moderate alcohol consumption?

Answer 18

decrease blood clotting, increase HDL, decrease inflammation.

Question 19

List the nutrients that are most likely to be deficient in a diet of a person who abuses alcohol.

Answer 19

B-12, folate, vit C, A, D, K, E, Mg, Zn, Fe

Question 20

Define Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 20

Brain disorder due to thiamin deficiency (vitamin B1). People with alcoholism are often deficient in thiamin. If untreated, results in paralysis of eye muscles, loss of sensation In lower extremities, loss of balance, abnormal gait, memory loss

Question 21

Define fatty liver disease

Answer 21

Accumulation of triglycerides and other lipids inside liver cells; most often caused by excessive alcohol intake.

Question 22

Consequences of fatty liver disease

Answer 22

Increased synthesis of fat and trapping of fat. Liver cannot repackage/release VLDL and TG because too busy metabolizing alcohol. Excess alcohol also synthesizes fat. Fat builds up in liver. Reversible up to certain point

Question 23

Cirrhosis

Answer 23

Chronic degenerative disease, caused by poisons (e.g. alcohol) that damage liver cells, that results in a reduced ability to synthesize proteins and metabolize nutrients, drugs, and poisons

Question 24

Consequences of cirrhosis

Answer 24

Late stage liver disease from fatty infiltration of the liver. Marked by inflammation, fibrosis and scarring. Enlarged fat cells choke off nutrients/O2 supply to liver cells. Only cure is transplant. 50% chance of death in 4 years

Question 25

Describe the impact of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Answer 25

Not recommended by any means! Can cause fetal alcohol syndrome, where alcohol reaches the fetus and deprives the brain of O2 and other nutrients. FAS can cause pre/postnatal growth retardation, brain/CNS impairment, facial abnormalities, birth defects