Alcohol Flashcards
What is the structure of Alcohol?
Check the image
What is the standard drink?
Hard Liquor
A way of standardizing such that we can a conservation on how much alcohol we are drinking
What influences the effects of alcohol?
Gender difference
Full vs empty stomach
What are the effects of alcohol on male and female?
Female has less gastric metabolism
(50% less gastric Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH))
More alcohol is absorb in the body
What are the effects of the influence of alcohol on a full vs empty stomach?
The amount of Ethanol in the blood is greater when consuming alcohol alone vs eating with a meal.
Fill in the blank for the alcohol metabolism pathways
Alcohol ———-(a)————->Acetaldehyde (this is an _______(a.1)_______ and it is _____(a.2)________, in normal human beings it is quickely removed. If it is not removed people will experience Asian Glow.) ——————-(b)—————> Acetic Acid ———-oxidation reaction———-> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy. (Which mean Alcohol is a carbohydrate)
a. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) (rate-limiting enzyme)
a. 1. intermediate
a. 2. toxic
b. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH)
What are the Effects of Alcohol?
What are the effects of alcohol-dependent on the low -moderate dose?
Dependent on dose
Low-moderate dose
Act as depressant
Mild sedation and sleepiness
loss of inhibition/ increase risk-taking
motor incoordination
mild stimulant
loss of emotional control (happens in a consistent way)
Impaired judgment
GI tract: irritate the stomach lining
Renal system: more dilute urine
Decreased BP, HR, and RR
Vasodilation (feel warm but lossing heat)
What are the effects of alcohol-dependent on the high -moderate dose?
Magnification of above effect
memory loss /black outs
What is the effect of alcohol when it is dose-dependence?
- 08% –can not drive
- 15% Nausea/Vomitting
- 35% loss of consciousness
- 5x legal limit –Overdose
- 45% Respiatory depression
What happens when you develop acute tolerance?
(The minute you start drinking you induce tolerance)
As seen in the graph, when someone feels intoxicated their blood concentration is relatively low, but you wait a couple of hours when you become sober your blood conceneration is much higher
To figure out the mid/long term tolerance of alcohol?
- 1 drink and measuring BAC –> the blood concentration is high
- Give 1 drink a day for 7 days
- Now give 1 drink and measure the Blood concentration the BAC is much lower
What is the acute dependence on alcohol?
Hangover (24 hr)
Nausea/vomiting
Fatigue
Thirst
headache
What are the long term/chronic use of dependence?
Begins within a couple of hours –last several days
shakes
increase BP, HR, RR
anxiety
sweating
nausea /vomiting
What is the delirium Tremens?
Acute withdrawal syndrome after long term use (also see with barbiturates and benzodiazepines ) for depressant drug
Delrium -acute confusional state
very diorentented –> hallucibnation
anxiety –> panic attack
seizure
autonomic distress - increase temp, BP, HR
Long Term high dose use
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome-Brain Damage effects?
Tremors and motor problems
Visual nystagmus
(Damage in the motor of the brain)
Memory dysfunction
Malnutrition
Poor eating habits
Poor food absorption through GI tract
Lead to significant vitamin and trace elements deficiencies
Inhibiting particularly Thiamine (B1-metabolism of Glucose) –> neuronal cell death
Inhibition of Glial EAAT1 and 2
Glutamate excitotoxicity and apoptotic cell death
What are the effects of alcohol on the liver?
Two options the liver can become to Non-Al. Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) excess glucose turn to fate and store in the liver.
Cirritoic liver –> scar liver –can’t recover
What is the Opioid compensation hypothesis?
