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YEAR 2: CLASP > ALCOHOL > Flashcards

ALCOHOL Flashcards

1
Q

why do females have a lower tolerance than men

A

males have higher lean body mass so more blood

females have less alcohol dehydrogenase

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2
Q

what is alcohol metabolised to

A

alcohol –> acetaldehyde–> acetate –> CO2 + H2O

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3
Q

what 2 enzymes are involved in alcohol metabolism

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

aldehyde dehydrogenase

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4
Q

2 organs where alcohol metabolism takes place

A

liver (90%)

pancreas

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5
Q

how long after consumption does blood alcohol peak

A

60 mins

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6
Q

why does drinking regularly improve tolerance

A

up regulation of alcohol dehydrogenase

other pathways activated, H ions produced

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7
Q

why do some SE Asian people suffer from flushing and headaches after consuming alcohol

A

they have little/ineffective aldehyde dehydrogenase

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8
Q

what ethnic groups have low alcohol dehydrogenase

A

Japanese, aborigines, eskimos

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9
Q

why do high conc spirits eg vodka NOT have the fastest rate of absorption

A

they irritate the gastric mucosa delaying emptying so decreasing absorption

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10
Q

aerated/non aerated drinks are absorbed faster

A

aerated

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11
Q

what drinks have the fastest absorption

A

sherries (20-30% conc) on empty stomach

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12
Q

what 2 drugs increase gastric emptying and absorption

A

antihistamines and metoclopramide

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13
Q

Visible signs of the effect of alcohol

A

palmar erythema
caput medusae
Dupuytrens contracture (not specific to alcohol use)

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14
Q

what is dupuytrens contracture

A

benign fibrosis of palmar fascia of fingers

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15
Q

role of thiamine

A

maintains peripheral nerves

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16
Q

what deficiency can result due to chronic alcohol use and how does this present

A

thiamine

foot/wrist drop

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17
Q

Vit B1 deficiency can cause what disease + how does it present

A

Wernickle-Korsakoff syndrome
weird eye movements
ataxic gait
memory loss

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18
Q

how does alcohol affect the heart

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

negative inotrope: decreased contractility so increased HR to maintain CO

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19
Q

binge drinking can have what affect on heart

A

holiday heart syndrome
supra ventricular arrhythmia
resolves spontaneously

20
Q

what disease of the heart can a thiamine deficiency cause

A

Wet Beri Beri: peripheral vasodilatation + arteriovenous shunting = high output cardiac failure

21
Q

persistent vomiting causes metabolic acidosis/alkalosis

A

alkalosis

22
Q

why does alcohol cause us to pee more

A

alcohol inhibits ADH so decreased water reabsorption in distal tubule

23
Q

how does alcohol affect the liver

A

steatosis: fatty liver
steatohepatitis: fatty + inflammation
cirrhosis: lipid build up in hepatocytes, toxic material builds up can cause portal hypertension

24
Q

what can severe hepatitis cause

A

hepatorenal failure

25
Q

alcohol poses the biggest risk to what type of cancer

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

26
Q

in cirrhosis what cells trap hepatocytes

A

interstitial cells of Ito/stellate cells

27
Q

how does alcohol ketoacidosis present

A

low glucose, high ketones

28
Q

affect of alcohol on the lungs

A

aspiration pneumonia: superior segment of right lower lobe, infection
pneumonitis: inflammation, no infection, sterile gastric contents

29
Q

consequences of portal hypertension

A

oesophageal varices –> GI bleed
splenomegaly
haemorrhoids
dilated subcut vessels: spider naevi, carat meduse
hepatic encephalopathy: ammonia build up crosses BBB

30
Q

how does alcohol cause reflex oesophagitis

A

it relaxes smooth muscle so relaxed LOS

31
Q

what is Barretts oesophagus

A

metaplastic change
squamous –> columnar epithelium
risk of malignancy
red velvety oesophagus

32
Q

a person vomitting continuously is at risk of?

A

mallory weiss tear

33
Q

what is boerhaovee syndrome

A

oesophagus ruptures

34
Q

complications of alcohol withdrawal

A

hallucinations
delirium tremens
seizures
Wernicke korsakoff

35
Q

1 unit = ? mls ethanol

A

10 mils

36
Q

define hazardous drinking

A

> 14 units
<35 units female
< 50 units male

37
Q

define harmful drinking

A 
>/= 35 units female
>/= 50 units male
38
Q

treatment of alcohol intoxication to detoxify patient

A

Chlorodiazpoxide

39
Q

side effects of chlorodiazpoxide

A

kindling effect: symptoms worse after every withdrawal
high relapse
cognitive impairment

40
Q

name 3 preventative relapse treatment

A

disulfiram
naktrexone
acomprosate

41
Q

action of disulfiram

A

physiological detterant
‘Antabuse’ inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase
anticraving affect, increases dopamine

42
Q

action of acomprosate

A

acts on GABA + glutamate transmission
corrects neurotransmission imbalance
decreases cravings

43
Q

action of naltrexone

A

blocks opiod receptors

decreases rewarding effect

44
Q

how is alcohol excreted

A

sweat, urine, lung

45
Q

3 causes of chronic pancreatitis

A

gallstones, alcohol, idiopathic

46
Q

how does alcohol cause chronic pancreatitis

A

scarring
sclerosis
pseudocyst (not epithelial lining)

YEAR 2: CLASP (1 decks)

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