Alberts Chapter 1

Question 1

What is the basic living Input – output of all living things

Answer 1

They take raw materials from their surroundings ,and use it to make copies of themselves

Question 2

What is the most basic knowledge about commonality of living things

Answer 2

They are all made of cells – small membrane enclosed units filled with Aquatic solution of chemical that are able create copies of themselves by growing and divide into two

Question 3

what is the main counterpoint of biology

Answer 3

the variety of individuals Vs the consistency of fundamental mechanisms

Question 4

what enables us to study all forms of life

Answer 4

the fact that the specification of all living organisms is written in common molecular code

Question 5

What differentiates living organisms from other process?

Answer 5

The phenomenon of heredity That the parent hands to its offspring detailed specifications of the characteristics the offspring will have it specifies a complex system of chemical processes

Question 6

how many cells are in the human body (approximately)

Answer 6

10^13

Question 7

What is the basic general characteristic of a single cell

Answer 7

1. contains all the information that defines a specie 2.contains mechanism to gather raw materials from the environment and Construct with them a new copy of itself with that will have same information.

Question 8

Explain how a computer and a cell are alike

Answer 8

Computer gave us the concept of quantifiable information encoded as 0 and 1 Cells are units of information that is encoded in DNA in 4 monomers , the nucleotides A,T,C,G.

Question 9

Specify the X universal features of cells on earth (to be updated)

Answer 9

• All cells contain hereditary infromation in the same linear chemical code : DNA
• All cells replicate their hereditary information using templated polymerization
• All Cells Transcribe Portions of Their Hereditary Information into the Same Intermediary Form: RNA

Question 10

What are nucleotides made of

Answer 10

Nucleotides are made of a deoxyribose sugar-phosphate molecule attached to a nitrogen containing base The bases are of four types -adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. corresponding to four distinct nucleotides, labeled A, G, C, and T.

Question 11

what are the qualities that give DNA strand its polsrity and what it serves

Answer 11

the individual sugar-phosphate unit have an asymmetric shape ,giving the backbone of the strand a definite directionality, or polarity: The 5’ end (linked to phosphate) and the 3’ end (free Hydroxyl) guides the process of copying and interpterion of information in the cell , the information is always “read” in a certain order (like English from left to right)

3’ attach to the 5’ in the antiparallel

Question 12

what is the templated polymerization of the nucleotides (DNA replication)

Answer 12

1. DNA is not created as an isolated strand it is Synthetized from a preexisting DNA strand (a double strand that splits serving as two tepmlates with the nitorgen bases sticking out
2. Complementary Base Pairing : the rule defined by the complmentary (like lock and key) molecular sturctures of the bases-> G only to C (3 H bonds) A only to T (2 H bonds)
3. this control what new monomere should be added as the “fresh” monomers are held by this base pairing (the new one is according to the next basis that sticks out)
4. the two twist around each other (half of the old , and the new) creating 2 new copies of the original with the same hereditary information

Question 13

What are the types of bonds in a the double helix

Answer 13

1. The sugras connects to a next nucleotide’s phosphate group in a covalent bond
2. The complementary connection between the bases has a hydrogen bonds

those type of bonds allow the strands to twist without breaking the “backbone”

Question 14

What are ionic and covalent bonds

Answer 14

1. They are all functions of electronegativity (the ability to attract electrons ) difference between two atoms. 2. Ionic bonds – strongest bond between atoms with ElcNeg diff >2.0 (electrons stolen not shared) 3. Covalent bonds a. Polar = ElNeg diff < 1.7 and > 0.5 electron is biased toward more EG atom b. Non polar Elneg < 0.5 electrons are shared equally

Question 15

what Are hydrogen bonds

Answer 15

when there is a molecule where the electrons of a hydrogen atom are bonded stronger

electronegative atom like H2O, the hydrogen side ( the end further from the strong nucleus)

will attract and bond the positive side (O end) of another molecule

Question 16

what are polymerization and condensation

Answer 16

polymerization is a process where two or more molecules link together it is done by:

condensation is a type of polymerization that produces water as by products :

1. two monomers with OH (hydroxyl group) on their ends
2. an hydroxyl group is removed from one monomer and an oxygen atom from the other
3. the one free oxygen allows the monomers to bind together
4. the by product produced in 2 is water , the by product.

Question 17

“How does a polymer chain created by condensation “breaks””

Answer 17

Via hydrolysis reaction – an addition of water molecule breaks the bonds that holds the monomers

together .

Question 18

what is are the gnereal differences between branched and unbranched polymers

Answer 18

unbranched polymers

1. Have a linear structure
2. Are tight and dense
3. Have high melting points

Branched polymers

1. Have branches (not a single line)
2. Are loose and not dense
3. Have lower melting points

Question 19

What is DNA and how what is its basic construction (basic)

Answer 19

he double helix DNA (Dexoyrebonucleic-acid) is the form in which cells stores the hereditary information.

it Is a

1. double stranded molecule
2. a long unbranched, paired polymer chain
3. the polymers are constructed from 4 types of monomers the nucleotides
4. each noculeotide is made of sugar-phosphate and a nitrogen containing base of A,C,T,G
5. Nucleotides are strung together in a linear sequence (each sugar connects to the next via the phosphate)
6. that sequence encode the hereditary Information.

Question 20

what are the 2 groups of nitrogenous bases

Answer 20

Purines = Double ring bases

Adenine and guanine

pyrimidines =Single ring basis

Cytosine and thymine that

Question 21

In what 2 ways transcription is different from replication

Answer 21

1.The same DNA segment can be used as template for many RNA molecules (they depart from it

after formation )

2.many different RNA molecules can be made from a single strand by transcribing different

segments of it

Question 22

What is the “expressive” role of DNA and what are the two steps in it

Answer 22

Guiding the synthesis of other molecules inside the cell mainly Proteins And RNA

It is done by

1. Transcription – templated polymerization using segments of the DNA as templates for synthesis of the shorter polymer RNA (closely related to DNA ,representing part of the hereditary information) that is used to guide step 2
2. Translation – guided by RNA molecules (in their intermidary role as mRNA , proteins are synthesized according to the Hereditary information from the DNA

Question 23

What are the main structural differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 23

The sugars in RNA are Ribose unlike DNA deoxyribose and instead of thymine it has uracil (still binding to same DNA bases U binds to A )