ALAT 1 Flashcards
What’s the scientific name for a zebra fish?
Danio rerio
The bony flexible plate that covers the gills is called the ___________.
Operculum
True/False All fish reproduce by laying eggs.
False. Some fish are live bearers.
Which part of the fish body helps with locomotion?
Fins
What is a common general anesthetic added to water to anesthetize fish?
Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222)
A group of horses is called a _______.
Herd
True/False Most reptiles used in research are purpose- bred.
False. Most reptiles used in research are wild caught.
Name 3 animals included in the class Reptilia.
Tortoise, turtle, crocodile, alligator, snake,lizard
After eating a meal, how soon do most reptiles defecate?
2-3 days.
What are 3 types of environments that turtles can live in?
Aquatic, semi-aquatic, terrestrial
Where are the ferret’s scent glands located?
On either side of the anus
What is the most common research use for the horse model?
As a source for production of serum, antiserum, and antitoxin.
What type of diet do horses eat?
Plant based diet ( herbivorous).
An unsaturated male is called_____,
A castrated male is called_______,
A female horse is called a _______,
A newborn horse is called a _______
Stallion; Gelding; Mare; Foal
What do horses housed outside require?
Access to shelter.
A male ferret is called _____ and a female ferret is called _____; ferret offspring is called ____.
Hob; jill; kits
What is the fitch coloration in ferrets?
A wildtype with tawny and brown markings.
What happens to a ferret’s weight during mating season?
It decreases( they lose weight)
What characterizes ferrets and their sleep?
They have difficulty waking up.
How often do ferrets normally shed their coats?
Twice a year.
What are three types of tank holding systems?
Closed (static)
Flow- through
Recirculating
What is water hardness?
A measure of the calcium and magnesium ions in the water
What element do fish need in the water to breathe?
Dissolved oxygen
True/ False: Fish eat only a herbivorous diet.
False. Some fish are carnivorous.
What is generally the optimal pH range for a fish tank?
6-8
The release of eggs and sperm by fish is called_____.
Spawning
What is the typical quarantine interval for fish upon arrival?
30 days
Name two methods for identification of fish.
Subcutaneous dye injections, tags, fin clipping, transponders, recording individual markings
What level of lighting is normally required for aquariums?
Relatively low light
What anatomical feature allow fish to extract oxygen from water?
Gills
Using wet gloves when handling amphibians serves what purpose?
Preserves their protective skin secretions.
What is the recommended housing density for newly hatched tadpoles?
50 per liter of water
What anatomical feature does the Xenopus laevis lack that is common to most amphibian species?
A tongue
What anatomical feature do amphibians have in common with birds?
Cloaca
Where is the tympanic membrane located in an amphibian?
Behind the eye
What is the scientific name for the African clawed frog?
Xenopus laevis
What are the three types of environments that amphibians can live as adults?
Aquatic, semi-aquatic, terrestrial
What is a neoteny?
A characteristic of axotolotls in which they reach maturity without undergoing metamorphosis.
What are three benefits of the slimy protective layer of amphibian skin?
Prevents mechanical damage to the skin, retains body fluids, provides a barrier to pathogens.
What does ectothermic mean?
Body temperature is regulated by the external environment.
What is the term for the surgical removal of a bird’s wing tip?
Pinioning
What is the name of the device used in a bird’s cage to assist in proper beak maintenance?
Cuttlebone
What is the dietary additive made of oyster shell and granite in a bird’s diet?
Grit
What’s the most common method for identifying birds?
Leg band
The hierarchy in which more dominant birds restrict the activities of subordinate birds is referred to as the _______ ________.
Pecking order
What is the taxonomic class for birds?
Aves
The specialized stomach of a bird that grinds up the food is called the ________.
Gizzard
In birds, the chamber into which the reproductive, urinary, and digestive tracts empty is called the ________.
Cloaca
To what order do parrots and parakeets belong?
Psitttaciformes
In most female birds,which ovary and oviduct are functional?
Left
Name two types of New World monkeys commonly used in research?
Squirrel monkeys, marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, owl monkeys.
What items of PPE are typically needed when handling NHPs?
Lab coat or gown, face mask, eye and/ or face shield, gloves
True or False: the pole and collar method of restraint for NHPs requires the animal be sedated.
False. This method requires NO sedation.
What is the name of a zoonotic disease that can be carried by macaques and is potentially fatal to humans?
B virus
The diet of New World monkeys should supply which two vitamins?
Vitamin C, Vitamin D3
What does a prehensile tail allow a monkey to do?
Grasp and hang from tree limbs by their tails.
What is the term for the red, wrinkled skin found around the anogenital region of female Old World monkeys s?
Sex skin.
Nonhuman primates typically found in South and Central America are referred to as ______ World monkeys.
New
What is the primary method of identification used with NHPs?
Tattooing
A monkey stares at you and displays it’s teeth is showing ______.
Aggression
Fencing for goats should be what minimum height?
4ft ( 1.2 meters)
What is the term for male cattle?
Bulls
Holstein, jersey, and Guernsey are examples of breeds of what type of cattle?
Dairy cattle
What is the term for parturition in cows?
Calving
What device is used to restrain cattle?
Chute
True/False: Head butting in rams is a normal behavior.
True.
What term is used for removing the horns of a goat?
Debudding
What are the fleshy folds of skin hanging from the neck of a goat called?
Wattles
Give the scientific name of the goat
Capra hircus
True/ False: Both male and female goats have scent glands.
False. Only MALES have scent glands.
How many compartments are in a ruminant stomach?
Four
Why is cud chewing important for a ruminant?
To break down plant matter and increase nutrient absorption.
When a sheep has an “open face “ what does that mean?
No wool on the face.
What is the scientific name for domestic sheep?
O is aries
A male sheep is a ______; a female sheep is called a _______.
Ram; ewe
What is the scientific name for a domestic pig?
Sus scrofa domestica
Farrowing pens with guardrails are designed for what purpose?
To prevent a sow from smothering her piglets.
What does trimming pigs’ hooves help prevent?
Lameness, difficulty walking, infections.
What natural behavior causes swine to use their snouts to overturn water or feed bowls not secure to their own?
Rooting
What is the term for the two upper and lower canine teeth of boars?
Tusks
Duroc and Yorkshire breeds are examples of which type of swine?
Domestic
Give an example of a strain of mini pig.
Yucatan, Sinclair
What is a hammock that is suspended above the floor to immobilize swine called?
A sling
What is farrowing?
Giving birth in swine
An uncastrated male pig is called a _____, a castrated male pig is call e a ______, a female pig is called a _____.
Boar, barrow, sow or gilt.
What is the most frequently used breed of dog in research?
Beagle
How often should cages that house dogs be cleaned?
Daily
What Federal law mandates an exercise program for dogs?
Animal Welfare Act
What device can be used to prevent a dog from biting?
A muzzle
Besides exercise, what are other common forms of enrichment for dogs?
Toys, resting boards, training
What is the scientific name of the dog?
Canis familiaris
How long is the typical sexual cycle of a dog?
7-10 days
Adult dogs are usually fed how often?
Once a day
True/ False: You should never lift a dog by the scruff of its neck.
True
Which identification methods for dogs are acceptable by the USDA?
Collar and tag; tatttoo
Other than a feeder and waterer, name two items that cat caging must contain?
Litter pan, resting board
What is blood in the urine called?
Hematuria
What is nictitating membrane called?
A movable membrane that may cover part of the eye.
In order to comply with federal law, where must the disposition of a cat’s carcass be recorded?
On a USDA form.
What behaviors do female cats often display when they are in heat?
Flattened back and elevation of hindquarters ( lordosis), vocalization
What is the scientific name of a cat?
Felis catus
What type of ovulation occurs in cats?
Induced
What are the male and female cat called?
Male = Tom
Female = Queen
According to USDA regulations, which two methods can be used for identification of a cat?
Tag and collar, tattoo
Why should cat litter pans be checked daily for urine output?
Cats often develop urinary disease.
What are the male and female rabbit called?
Male; buck
Female, doe
If a female releases eggs from her ovaries only after mating, she is said to be an ________ __________.
Induced ovulator
What should be avoided when tattooing a rabbit’s ear?
Puncture of the central ear artery.
Why should the female rabbit be taken to the males’ cage for breeding?
The female may attack the male if he is brought to her cage.
What is a baby rabbit called?
Kit
What is the scientific name for the laboratory rabbit?
Oryctolagus cuniculus
What is the fold of loose skin below the neck of the rabbit called?
Dewlap
A rabbit’s second set of upper incisors are known by what term?
Peg teeth
What is the most common rabbit breed used in research in the US?
New Zealand white
What is the term for the behavior that occurs in rodents and rabbits in which the animal eats its own feces?
Coprophagy
What does precocial mean?
Born fully furred, eyes open, eating solid food.
What are male Guinea pigs called?
Boar
What are female Guinea pigs called?
Sow
At what age is a Guinea pig weaned?
14-28 days
Why should female Guinea pigs be bred before 7 months of age?
The pubic symphysis may fuse after 7 months.
Why do guinea pigs need vitamin C in their feed?
They cannot synthesize their own vitamin C
What is another common name for a guinea pig?
Cavy
Why are guinea pigs fasted before intubation?
They keep their feed in their mouth.
True/ False Guinea pigs produce only a small volume of urine and feces.
False. They produce a large volume of urine and feces.
What is the scientific name for the guinea pig?
Cavia porcellus
What is wheeking?
A whistle sound guinea pigs make when excited.
What may occur if the litter of a lactating female gerbil is disturbed?
Cannibalism
What is a unique breeding trait among gerbils that is different from other rodents?
They generally form monogamous pairs.
What behaviors can a gerbil exhibit when startled?
They freeze and become immobile or have seizures.
Why must gerbils be housed in a tall cage?
Because gerbils often stand erect on hind legs
Why should one be careful picking up a gerbil by the tail?
Skin tip my tear off and the tail may require amputation
What is the scientific name for the most common species of gerbil used in research?
Meriones unguiculatus
What is another name for a gerbil?
Hurd or desert rat
Skin sloughing off a gerbils tail while handling is called _______.
Degloving
What is the large sebaceous gland on the gerbil abdomen called?
Ventral marking gland
What behavior do male gerbils exhibit around the time of mating?
They thump with their hind feet.
Where are the scent organs located on a hamster?
On the dorsolateral flanks
Why should penicillin not be used to treat a hamster?
It can disturb the intestinal flora and be lethal.
Is the male or female hamster more dominant and aggressive?
Female
True/False. Hamsters usually use one corner of the cage for wastes and another for feed storage.
True
At what age are hamsters weaned?
21-28 days
What do hamsters do if the room temperature drops to 5 degrees C or below?
Sleep in a hibernation-like state
What is the most common hamster species used in research?
Golden Syrian Hamster
What is different about the hamster stomach compared with other rodents’ stomach?
It has two compartments
Which metabolic disease is hereditary in hamsters?
Diabetes melitus
What purpose does the hamster’s cheek pouch serve?
Store food, bedding, nesting material , hide babies.
What does excessive accumulation of porphyrin in rats indicate?
Pain or distress
Which teeth of rats and mice grow continuously throughout life?
Incisors
How often are rats generally fed and watered?
Ad libitum
Ruffled fur and hunched posture of rats can indicate what?
Illness or injury
At what age are rats weaned?
20-21 days
Which strain of rat is known as the hooded rat?
Long-evans
What is the reddish material found in the tears and saliva in rats?
Porphyrin
Overgrowth of rodent incisors is called_______.
Malocclusion
What is the scientific name for the most common species of rat used in research?
Rattus norvegicus
True/False: the gallbladder can cause significant illness in the rat.
False. The rat does NOT have a gallbladder.
Is the anogenital distance longer in the male for female mouse?
Male
During what part of the photoperiod does most of the mouse’s activity take place?
Dark period
What what age are mice typically weaned?
21-28 days
What is the behavioral condition in which a mouse chews fur off another mouse?
Barbering
What are common enrichment items for mouse cages?
Nesting materials, structures for hiding, chewing materials
What is the hair color pattern of mice called in which the shaft of the hair is a light color and the tip is black?
Agouti
What is the scientific name for the laboratory mouse?
Mus musculus
If two mouse strains are bred to produce a mixture of genes from each strain, what are the offspring called?
Hybrids
The nude mouse has a deficiency in which body system?
Immune system
What is the term for the space between the anus and the genital papilla?
Anogenital distance
In a monogamous mating scheme, how many males and how many females are put together in a cage?
One male and one female
An inbred strain is achieved after a minimum of how many generations of brother to sister or parent to offspring breedings?
20 generations
What is another name for a polygamous mating system in which one male is housed with 2 females?
Harem mating system
What is a milk spot on a neonatal rodent?
A district white spot visible on the left side of the abdomen of newborn rats and mice indicating the stomach contains milk.
What is the term for difficult labor or birthing’s?
Dystocia
What is a transgenic animal?
An animal that contains genetic material from a different source
What is the term for a damaged or changed gene?
Mutation
What is the period from conception to parturition called?
Gestation
What does finding a vaginal plug in a female mouse mean?
Evidence of mating within the previous 24 hours.
In what breeding scheme are unrelated or distantly related animals mated?
Outbreeding
What are the units of genetic inheritance?
Genes
Genes are located on the chromosomes and are made up of a chemical called ______.
Deoxyribonuckeic acid (DNA)
Long strings of double stranded DNA form _______.
Chromosomes
An inherited characteristic such as fur color is called a _____.
Trait
True/False: a gene that easily expresses the trait of an animal is said to be recessive.
False. The trait is said to be dominant.
In a research project, the group that is manipulated is called the______ group.
Experimental or test
