ALAT 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What’s the scientific name for a zebra fish?
A
Danio rerio
2
Q
The bony flexible plate that covers the gills is called the ___________.
A
Operculum
3
Q
True/False All fish reproduce by laying eggs.
A
False. Some fish are live bearers.
4
Q
Which part of the fish body helps with locomotion?
A
Fins
5
Q
What is a common general anesthetic added to water to anesthetize fish?
A
Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222)
6
Q
A group of horses is called a _______.
A
Herd
7
Q
True/False Most reptiles used in research are purpose- bred.
A
False. Most reptiles used in research are wild caught.
8
Q
Name 3 animals included in the class Reptilia.
A
Tortoise, turtle, crocodile, alligator, snake,lizard
9
Q
After eating a meal, how soon do most reptiles defecate?
A
2-3 days.
10
Q
What are 3 types of environments that turtles can live in?
A
Aquatic, semi-aquatic, terrestrial
11
Q
Where are the ferret’s scent glands located?
A
On either side of the anus
12
Q
What is the most common research use for the horse model?
A
As a source for production of serum, antiserum, and antitoxin.
13
Q
What type of diet do horses eat?
A
Plant based diet ( herbivorous).
14
Q
An unsaturated male is called_____,
A castrated male is called_______,
A female horse is called a _______,
A newborn horse is called a _______
A
Stallion; Gelding; Mare; Foal
15
Q
What do horses housed outside require?
A
Access to shelter.
16
Q
A male ferret is called _____ and a female ferret is called _____; ferret offspring is called ____.
A
Hob; jill; kits
17
Q
What is the fitch coloration in ferrets?
A
A wildtype with tawny and brown markings.
18
Q
What happens to a ferret’s weight during mating season?
A
It decreases( they lose weight)
19
Q
What characterizes ferrets and their sleep?
A
They have difficulty waking up.
20
Q
How often do ferrets normally shed their coats?
A
Twice a year.
21
Q
What are three types of tank holding systems?
A
Closed (static)
Flow- through
Recirculating
22
Q
What is water hardness?
A
A measure of the calcium and magnesium ions in the water
23
Q
What element do fish need in the water to breathe?
A
Dissolved oxygen
24
Q
True/ False: Fish eat only a herbivorous diet.
A
False. Some fish are carnivorous.
25
What is generally the optimal pH range for a fish tank?
6-8
26
The release of eggs and sperm by fish is called_____.
Spawning
27
What is the typical quarantine interval for fish upon arrival?
30 days
28
Name two methods for identification of fish.
Subcutaneous dye injections, tags, fin clipping, transponders, recording individual markings
29
What level of lighting is normally required for aquariums?
Relatively low light
30
What anatomical feature allow fish to extract oxygen from water?
Gills
31
Using wet gloves when handling amphibians serves what purpose?
Preserves their protective skin secretions.
32
What is the recommended housing density for newly hatched tadpoles?
50 per liter of water
33
What anatomical feature does the Xenopus laevis lack that is common to most amphibian species?
A tongue
34
What anatomical feature do amphibians have in common with birds?
Cloaca
35
Where is the tympanic membrane located in an amphibian?
Behind the eye
36
What is the scientific name for the African clawed frog?
Xenopus laevis
37
What are the three types of environments that amphibians can live as adults?
Aquatic, semi-aquatic, terrestrial
38
What is a neoteny?
A characteristic of axotolotls in which they reach maturity without undergoing metamorphosis.
39
What are three benefits of the slimy protective layer of amphibian skin?
Prevents mechanical damage to the skin, retains body fluids, provides a barrier to pathogens.
40
What does ectothermic mean?
Body temperature is regulated by the external environment.
41
What is the term for the surgical removal of a bird’s wing tip?
Pinioning
42
What is the name of the device used in a bird’s cage to assist in proper beak maintenance?
Cuttlebone
43
What is the dietary additive made of oyster shell and granite in a bird’s diet?
Grit
44
What’s the most common method for identifying birds?
Leg band
45
The hierarchy in which more dominant birds restrict the activities of subordinate birds is referred to as the _______ ________.
Pecking order
46
What is the taxonomic class for birds?
Aves
47
The specialized stomach of a bird that grinds up the food is called the ________.
Gizzard
48
In birds, the chamber into which the reproductive, urinary, and digestive tracts empty is called the ________.
Cloaca
49
To what order do parrots and parakeets belong?
Psitttaciformes
50
In most female birds,which ovary and oviduct are functional?
Left
51
Name two types of New World monkeys commonly used in research?
Squirrel monkeys, marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, owl monkeys.
52
What items of PPE are typically needed when handling NHPs?
Lab coat or gown, face mask, eye and/ or face shield, gloves
53
True or False: the pole and collar method of restraint for NHPs requires the animal be sedated.
False. This method requires NO sedation.
54
What is the name of a zoonotic disease that can be carried by macaques and is potentially fatal to humans?
B virus
55
The diet of New World monkeys should supply which two vitamins?
Vitamin C, Vitamin D3
56
What does a prehensile tail allow a monkey to do?
Grasp and hang from tree limbs by their tails.
57
What is the term for the red, wrinkled skin found around the anogenital region of female Old World monkeys s?
Sex skin.
58
Nonhuman primates typically found in South and Central America are referred to as ______ World monkeys.
New
59
What is the primary method of identification used with NHPs?
Tattooing
60
A monkey stares at you and displays it’s teeth is showing ______.
Aggression
61
Fencing for goats should be what minimum height?
4ft ( 1.2 meters)
62
What is the term for male cattle?
Bulls
63
Holstein, jersey, and Guernsey are examples of breeds of what type of cattle?
Dairy cattle
64
What is the term for parturition in cows?
Calving
65
What device is used to restrain cattle?
Chute
66
True/False: Head butting in rams is a normal behavior.
True.
67
What term is used for removing the horns of a goat?
Debudding
68
What are the fleshy folds of skin hanging from the neck of a goat called?
Wattles
69
Give the scientific name of the goat
Capra hircus
70
True/ False: Both male and female goats have scent glands.
False. Only MALES have scent glands.
71
How many compartments are in a ruminant stomach?
Four
72
Why is cud chewing important for a ruminant?
To break down plant matter and increase nutrient absorption.
73
When a sheep has an “open face “ what does that mean?
No wool on the face.
74
What is the scientific name for domestic sheep?
O is aries
75
A male sheep is a ______; a female sheep is called a _______.
Ram; ewe
76
What is the scientific name for a domestic pig?
Sus scrofa domestica
77
Farrowing pens with guardrails are designed for what purpose?
To prevent a sow from smothering her piglets.
78
What does trimming pigs’ hooves help prevent?
Lameness, difficulty walking, infections.
79
What natural behavior causes swine to use their snouts to overturn water or feed bowls not secure to their own?
Rooting
80
What is the term for the two upper and lower canine teeth of boars?
Tusks
81
Duroc and Yorkshire breeds are examples of which type of swine?
Domestic
82
Give an example of a strain of mini pig.
Yucatan, Sinclair
83
What is a hammock that is suspended above the floor to immobilize swine called?
A sling
84
What is farrowing?
Giving birth in swine
85
An uncastrated male pig is called a _____, a castrated male pig is call e a ______, a female pig is called a _____.
Boar, barrow, sow or gilt.
86
What is the most frequently used breed of dog in research?
Beagle
87
How often should cages that house dogs be cleaned?
Daily
88
What Federal law mandates an exercise program for dogs?
Animal Welfare Act
89
What device can be used to prevent a dog from biting?
A muzzle
90
Besides exercise, what are other common forms of enrichment for dogs?
Toys, resting boards, training
91
What is the scientific name of the dog?
Canis familiaris
92
How long is the typical sexual cycle of a dog?
7-10 days
93
Adult dogs are usually fed how often?
Once a day
94
True/ False: You should never lift a dog by the scruff of its neck.
True
95
Which identification methods for dogs are acceptable by the USDA?
Collar and tag; tatttoo
96
Other than a feeder and waterer, name two items that cat caging must contain?
Litter pan, resting board
97
What is blood in the urine called?
Hematuria
98
What is nictitating membrane called?
A movable membrane that may cover part of the eye.
99
In order to comply with federal law, where must the disposition of a cat’s carcass be recorded?
On a USDA form.
100
What behaviors do female cats often display when they are in heat?
Flattened back and elevation of hindquarters ( lordosis), vocalization
101
What is the scientific name of a cat?
Felis catus
102
What type of ovulation occurs in cats?
Induced
103
What are the male and female cat called?
Male = Tom
Female = Queen
104
According to USDA regulations, which two methods can be used for identification of a cat?
Tag and collar, tattoo
105
Why should cat litter pans be checked daily for urine output?
Cats often develop urinary disease.
106
What are the male and female rabbit called?
Male; buck
Female, doe
107
If a female releases eggs from her ovaries only after mating, she is said to be an ________ __________.
Induced ovulator
108
What should be avoided when tattooing a rabbit’s ear?
Puncture of the central ear artery.
109
Why should the female rabbit be taken to the males’ cage for breeding?
The female may attack the male if he is brought to her cage.
110
What is a baby rabbit called?
Kit
111
What is the scientific name for the laboratory rabbit?
Oryctolagus cuniculus
112
What is the fold of loose skin below the neck of the rabbit called?
Dewlap
113
A rabbit’s second set of upper incisors are known by what term?
Peg teeth
114
What is the most common rabbit breed used in research in the US?
New Zealand white
115
What is the term for the behavior that occurs in rodents and rabbits in which the animal eats its own feces?
Coprophagy
116
What does precocial mean?
Born fully furred, eyes open, eating solid food.
117
What are male Guinea pigs called?
Boar
118
What are female Guinea pigs called?
Sow
119
At what age is a Guinea pig weaned?
14-28 days
120
Why should female Guinea pigs be bred before 7 months of age?
The pubic symphysis may fuse after 7 months.
121
Why do guinea pigs need vitamin C in their feed?
They cannot synthesize their own vitamin C
122
What is another common name for a guinea pig?
Cavy
123
Why are guinea pigs fasted before intubation?
They keep their feed in their mouth.
124
True/ False Guinea pigs produce only a small volume of urine and feces.
False. They produce a large volume of urine and feces.
125
What is the scientific name for the guinea pig?
Cavia porcellus
126
What is wheeking?
A whistle sound guinea pigs make when excited.
127
What may occur if the litter of a lactating female gerbil is disturbed?
Cannibalism
128
What is a unique breeding trait among gerbils that is different from other rodents?
They generally form monogamous pairs.
129
What behaviors can a gerbil exhibit when startled?
They freeze and become immobile or have seizures.
130
Why must gerbils be housed in a tall cage?
Because gerbils often stand erect on hind legs
131
Why should one be careful picking up a gerbil by the tail?
Skin tip my tear off and the tail may require amputation
132
What is the scientific name for the most common species of gerbil used in research?
Meriones unguiculatus
133
What is another name for a gerbil?
Hurd or desert rat
134
Skin sloughing off a gerbils tail while handling is called _______.
Degloving
135
What is the large sebaceous gland on the gerbil abdomen called?
Ventral marking gland
136
What behavior do male gerbils exhibit around the time of mating?
They thump with their hind feet.
137
Where are the scent organs located on a hamster?
On the dorsolateral flanks
138
Why should penicillin not be used to treat a hamster?
It can disturb the intestinal flora and be lethal.
139
Is the male or female hamster more dominant and aggressive?
Female
140
True/False. Hamsters usually use one corner of the cage for wastes and another for feed storage.
True
141
At what age are hamsters weaned?
21-28 days
142
What do hamsters do if the room temperature drops to 5 degrees C or below?
Sleep in a hibernation-like state
143
What is the most common hamster species used in research?
Golden Syrian Hamster
144
What is different about the hamster stomach compared with other rodents’ stomach?
It has two compartments
145
Which metabolic disease is hereditary in hamsters?
Diabetes melitus
146
What purpose does the hamster’s cheek pouch serve?
Store food, bedding, nesting material , hide babies.
147
What does excessive accumulation of porphyrin in rats indicate?
Pain or distress
148
Which teeth of rats and mice grow continuously throughout life?
Incisors
149
How often are rats generally fed and watered?
Ad libitum
150
Ruffled fur and hunched posture of rats can indicate what?
Illness or injury
151
At what age are rats weaned?
20-21 days
152
Which strain of rat is known as the hooded rat?
Long-evans
153
What is the reddish material found in the tears and saliva in rats?
Porphyrin
154
Overgrowth of rodent incisors is called_______.
Malocclusion
155
What is the scientific name for the most common species of rat used in research?
Rattus norvegicus
156
True/False: the gallbladder can cause significant illness in the rat.
False. The rat does NOT have a gallbladder.
157
Is the anogenital distance longer in the male for female mouse?
Male
158
During what part of the photoperiod does most of the mouse’s activity take place?
Dark period
159
What what age are mice typically weaned?
21-28 days
160
What is the behavioral condition in which a mouse chews fur off another mouse?
Barbering
161
What are common enrichment items for mouse cages?
Nesting materials, structures for hiding, chewing materials
162
What is the hair color pattern of mice called in which the shaft of the hair is a light color and the tip is black?
Agouti
163
What is the scientific name for the laboratory mouse?
Mus musculus
164
If two mouse strains are bred to produce a mixture of genes from each strain, what are the offspring called?
Hybrids
165
The nude mouse has a deficiency in which body system?
Immune system
166
What is the term for the space between the anus and the genital papilla?
Anogenital distance
167
In a monogamous mating scheme, how many males and how many females are put together in a cage?
One male and one female
168
An inbred strain is achieved after a minimum of how many generations of brother to sister or parent to offspring breedings?
20 generations
169
What is another name for a polygamous mating system in which one male is housed with 2 females?
Harem mating system
170
What is a milk spot on a neonatal rodent?
A district white spot visible on the left side of the abdomen of newborn rats and mice indicating the stomach contains milk.
171
What is the term for difficult labor or birthing’s?
Dystocia
172
What is a transgenic animal?
An animal that contains genetic material from a different source
173
What is the term for a damaged or changed gene?
Mutation
174
What is the period from conception to parturition called?
Gestation
175
What does finding a vaginal plug in a female mouse mean?
Evidence of mating within the previous 24 hours.
176
In what breeding scheme are unrelated or distantly related animals mated?
Outbreeding
177
What are the units of genetic inheritance?
Genes
178
Genes are located on the chromosomes and are made up of a chemical called ______.
Deoxyribonuckeic acid (DNA)
179
Long strings of double stranded DNA form _______.
Chromosomes
180
An inherited characteristic such as fur color is called a _____.
Trait
181
True/False: a gene that easily expresses the trait of an animal is said to be recessive.
False. The trait is said to be dominant.
182
In a research project, the group that is manipulated is called the______ group.
Experimental or test
