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ALAT > ALAT 1 > Flashcards

ALAT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the scientific name for a zebra fish?

A

Danio rerio

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2
Q

The bony flexible plate that covers the gills is called the ___________.

A

Operculum

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3
Q

True/False All fish reproduce by laying eggs.

A

False. Some fish are live bearers.

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4
Q

Which part of the fish body helps with locomotion?

A

Fins

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5
Q

What is a common general anesthetic added to water to anesthetize fish?

A

Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222)

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6
Q

A group of horses is called a _______.

A

Herd

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7
Q

True/False Most reptiles used in research are purpose- bred.

A

False. Most reptiles used in research are wild caught.

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8
Q

Name 3 animals included in the class Reptilia.

A

Tortoise, turtle, crocodile, alligator, snake,lizard

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9
Q

After eating a meal, how soon do most reptiles defecate?

A

2-3 days.

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10
Q

What are 3 types of environments that turtles can live in?

A

Aquatic, semi-aquatic, terrestrial

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11
Q

Where are the ferret’s scent glands located?

A

On either side of the anus

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12
Q

What is the most common research use for the horse model?

A

As a source for production of serum, antiserum, and antitoxin.

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13
Q

What type of diet do horses eat?

A

Plant based diet ( herbivorous).

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14
Q

An unsaturated male is called_____,
A castrated male is called_______,
A female horse is called a _______,
A newborn horse is called a _______

A

Stallion; Gelding; Mare; Foal

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15
Q

What do horses housed outside require?

A

Access to shelter.

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16
Q

A male ferret is called _____ and a female ferret is called _____; ferret offspring is called ____.

A

Hob; jill; kits

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17
Q

What is the fitch coloration in ferrets?

A

A wildtype with tawny and brown markings.

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18
Q

What happens to a ferret’s weight during mating season?

A

It decreases( they lose weight)

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19
Q

What characterizes ferrets and their sleep?

A

They have difficulty waking up.

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20
Q

How often do ferrets normally shed their coats?

A

Twice a year.

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21
Q

What are three types of tank holding systems?

A

Closed (static)
Flow- through
Recirculating

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22
Q

What is water hardness?

A

A measure of the calcium and magnesium ions in the water

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23
Q

What element do fish need in the water to breathe?

A

Dissolved oxygen

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24
Q

True/ False: Fish eat only a herbivorous diet.

A

False. Some fish are carnivorous.

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25
Q

What is generally the optimal pH range for a fish tank?

A

6-8

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26
Q

The release of eggs and sperm by fish is called_____.

A

Spawning

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27
Q

What is the typical quarantine interval for fish upon arrival?

A

30 days

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28
Q

Name two methods for identification of fish.

A

Subcutaneous dye injections, tags, fin clipping, transponders, recording individual markings

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29
Q

What level of lighting is normally required for aquariums?

A

Relatively low light

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30
Q

What anatomical feature allow fish to extract oxygen from water?

A

Gills

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31
Q

Using wet gloves when handling amphibians serves what purpose?

A

Preserves their protective skin secretions.

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32
Q

What is the recommended housing density for newly hatched tadpoles?

A

50 per liter of water

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33
Q

What anatomical feature does the Xenopus laevis lack that is common to most amphibian species?

A

A tongue

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34
Q

What anatomical feature do amphibians have in common with birds?

A

Cloaca

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35
Q

Where is the tympanic membrane located in an amphibian?

A

Behind the eye

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36
Q

What is the scientific name for the African clawed frog?

A

Xenopus laevis

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37
Q

What are the three types of environments that amphibians can live as adults?

A

Aquatic, semi-aquatic, terrestrial

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38
Q

What is a neoteny?

A

A characteristic of axotolotls in which they reach maturity without undergoing metamorphosis.

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39
Q

What are three benefits of the slimy protective layer of amphibian skin?

A

Prevents mechanical damage to the skin, retains body fluids, provides a barrier to pathogens.

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40
Q

What does ectothermic mean?

A

Body temperature is regulated by the external environment.

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41
Q

What is the term for the surgical removal of a bird’s wing tip?

A

Pinioning

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42
Q

What is the name of the device used in a bird’s cage to assist in proper beak maintenance?

A

Cuttlebone

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43
Q

What is the dietary additive made of oyster shell and granite in a bird’s diet?

A

Grit

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44
Q

What’s the most common method for identifying birds?

A

Leg band

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45
Q

The hierarchy in which more dominant birds restrict the activities of subordinate birds is referred to as the _______ ________.

A

Pecking order

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46
Q

What is the taxonomic class for birds?

A

Aves

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47
Q

The specialized stomach of a bird that grinds up the food is called the ________.

A

Gizzard

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48
Q

In birds, the chamber into which the reproductive, urinary, and digestive tracts empty is called the ________.

A

Cloaca

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49
Q

To what order do parrots and parakeets belong?

A

Psitttaciformes

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50
Q

In most female birds,which ovary and oviduct are functional?

A

Left

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51
Q

Name two types of New World monkeys commonly used in research?

A

Squirrel monkeys, marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, owl monkeys.

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52
Q

What items of PPE are typically needed when handling NHPs?

A

Lab coat or gown, face mask, eye and/ or face shield, gloves

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53
Q

True or False: the pole and collar method of restraint for NHPs requires the animal be sedated.

A

False. This method requires NO sedation.

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54
Q

What is the name of a zoonotic disease that can be carried by macaques and is potentially fatal to humans?

A

B virus

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55
Q

The diet of New World monkeys should supply which two vitamins?

A

Vitamin C, Vitamin D3

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56
Q

What does a prehensile tail allow a monkey to do?

A

Grasp and hang from tree limbs by their tails.

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57
Q

What is the term for the red, wrinkled skin found around the anogenital region of female Old World monkeys s?

A

Sex skin.

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58
Q

Nonhuman primates typically found in South and Central America are referred to as ______ World monkeys.

A

New

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59
Q

What is the primary method of identification used with NHPs?

A

Tattooing

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60
Q

A monkey stares at you and displays it’s teeth is showing ______.

A

Aggression

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61
Q

Fencing for goats should be what minimum height?

A

4ft ( 1.2 meters)

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62
Q

What is the term for male cattle?

A

Bulls

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63
Q

Holstein, jersey, and Guernsey are examples of breeds of what type of cattle?

A

Dairy cattle

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64
Q

What is the term for parturition in cows?

A

Calving

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65
Q

What device is used to restrain cattle?

A

Chute

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66
Q

True/False: Head butting in rams is a normal behavior.

A

True.

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67
Q

What term is used for removing the horns of a goat?

A

Debudding

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68
Q

What are the fleshy folds of skin hanging from the neck of a goat called?

A

Wattles

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69
Q

Give the scientific name of the goat

A

Capra hircus

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70
Q

True/ False: Both male and female goats have scent glands.

A

False. Only MALES have scent glands.

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71
Q

How many compartments are in a ruminant stomach?

A

Four

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72
Q

Why is cud chewing important for a ruminant?

A

To break down plant matter and increase nutrient absorption.

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73
Q

When a sheep has an “open face “ what does that mean?

A

No wool on the face.

74
Q

What is the scientific name for domestic sheep?

A

O is aries

75
Q

A male sheep is a ______; a female sheep is called a _______.

A

Ram; ewe

76
Q

What is the scientific name for a domestic pig?

A

Sus scrofa domestica

77
Q

Farrowing pens with guardrails are designed for what purpose?

A

To prevent a sow from smothering her piglets.

78
Q

What does trimming pigs’ hooves help prevent?

A

Lameness, difficulty walking, infections.

79
Q

What natural behavior causes swine to use their snouts to overturn water or feed bowls not secure to their own?

A

Rooting

80
Q

What is the term for the two upper and lower canine teeth of boars?

A

Tusks

81
Q

Duroc and Yorkshire breeds are examples of which type of swine?

A

Domestic

82
Q

Give an example of a strain of mini pig.

A

Yucatan, Sinclair

83
Q

What is a hammock that is suspended above the floor to immobilize swine called?

A

A sling

84
Q

What is farrowing?

A

Giving birth in swine

85
Q

An uncastrated male pig is called a _____, a castrated male pig is call e a ______, a female pig is called a _____.

A

Boar, barrow, sow or gilt.

86
Q

What is the most frequently used breed of dog in research?

A

Beagle

87
Q

How often should cages that house dogs be cleaned?

A

Daily

88
Q

What Federal law mandates an exercise program for dogs?

A

Animal Welfare Act

89
Q

What device can be used to prevent a dog from biting?

A

A muzzle

90
Q

Besides exercise, what are other common forms of enrichment for dogs?

A

Toys, resting boards, training

91
Q

What is the scientific name of the dog?

A

Canis familiaris

92
Q

How long is the typical sexual cycle of a dog?

A

7-10 days

93
Q

Adult dogs are usually fed how often?

A

Once a day

94
Q

True/ False: You should never lift a dog by the scruff of its neck.

A

True

95
Q

Which identification methods for dogs are acceptable by the USDA?

A

Collar and tag; tatttoo

96
Q

Other than a feeder and waterer, name two items that cat caging must contain?

A

Litter pan, resting board

97
Q

What is blood in the urine called?

A

Hematuria

98
Q

What is nictitating membrane called?

A

A movable membrane that may cover part of the eye.

99
Q

In order to comply with federal law, where must the disposition of a cat’s carcass be recorded?

A

On a USDA form.

100
Q

What behaviors do female cats often display when they are in heat?

A

Flattened back and elevation of hindquarters ( lordosis), vocalization

101
Q

What is the scientific name of a cat?

A

Felis catus

102
Q

What type of ovulation occurs in cats?

A

Induced

103
Q

What are the male and female cat called?

A

Male = Tom
Female = Queen

104
Q

According to USDA regulations, which two methods can be used for identification of a cat?

A

Tag and collar, tattoo

105
Q

Why should cat litter pans be checked daily for urine output?

A

Cats often develop urinary disease.

106
Q

What are the male and female rabbit called?

A

Male; buck
Female, doe

107
Q

If a female releases eggs from her ovaries only after mating, she is said to be an ________ __________.

A

Induced ovulator

108
Q

What should be avoided when tattooing a rabbit’s ear?

A

Puncture of the central ear artery.

109
Q

Why should the female rabbit be taken to the males’ cage for breeding?

A

The female may attack the male if he is brought to her cage.

110
Q

What is a baby rabbit called?

A

Kit

111
Q

What is the scientific name for the laboratory rabbit?

A

Oryctolagus cuniculus

112
Q

What is the fold of loose skin below the neck of the rabbit called?

A

Dewlap

113
Q

A rabbit’s second set of upper incisors are known by what term?

A

Peg teeth

114
Q

What is the most common rabbit breed used in research in the US?

A

New Zealand white

115
Q

What is the term for the behavior that occurs in rodents and rabbits in which the animal eats its own feces?

A

Coprophagy

116
Q

What does precocial mean?

A

Born fully furred, eyes open, eating solid food.

117
Q

What are male Guinea pigs called?

A

Boar

118
Q

What are female Guinea pigs called?

A

Sow

119
Q

At what age is a Guinea pig weaned?

A

14-28 days

120
Q

Why should female Guinea pigs be bred before 7 months of age?

A

The pubic symphysis may fuse after 7 months.

121
Q

Why do guinea pigs need vitamin C in their feed?

A

They cannot synthesize their own vitamin C

122
Q

What is another common name for a guinea pig?

A

Cavy

123
Q

Why are guinea pigs fasted before intubation?

A

They keep their feed in their mouth.

124
Q

True/ False Guinea pigs produce only a small volume of urine and feces.

A

False. They produce a large volume of urine and feces.

125
Q

What is the scientific name for the guinea pig?

A

Cavia porcellus

126
Q

What is wheeking?

A

A whistle sound guinea pigs make when excited.

127
Q

What may occur if the litter of a lactating female gerbil is disturbed?

A

Cannibalism

128
Q

What is a unique breeding trait among gerbils that is different from other rodents?

A

They generally form monogamous pairs.

129
Q

What behaviors can a gerbil exhibit when startled?

A

They freeze and become immobile or have seizures.

130
Q

Why must gerbils be housed in a tall cage?

A

Because gerbils often stand erect on hind legs

131
Q

Why should one be careful picking up a gerbil by the tail?

A

Skin tip my tear off and the tail may require amputation

132
Q

What is the scientific name for the most common species of gerbil used in research?

A

Meriones unguiculatus

133
Q

What is another name for a gerbil?

A

Hurd or desert rat

134
Q

Skin sloughing off a gerbils tail while handling is called _______.

A

Degloving

135
Q

What is the large sebaceous gland on the gerbil abdomen called?

A

Ventral marking gland

136
Q

What behavior do male gerbils exhibit around the time of mating?

A

They thump with their hind feet.

137
Q

Where are the scent organs located on a hamster?

A

On the dorsolateral flanks

138
Q

Why should penicillin not be used to treat a hamster?

A

It can disturb the intestinal flora and be lethal.

139
Q

Is the male or female hamster more dominant and aggressive?

A

Female

140
Q

True/False. Hamsters usually use one corner of the cage for wastes and another for feed storage.

A

True

141
Q

At what age are hamsters weaned?

A

21-28 days

142
Q

What do hamsters do if the room temperature drops to 5 degrees C or below?

A

Sleep in a hibernation-like state

143
Q

What is the most common hamster species used in research?

A

Golden Syrian Hamster

144
Q

What is different about the hamster stomach compared with other rodents’ stomach?

A

It has two compartments

145
Q

Which metabolic disease is hereditary in hamsters?

A

Diabetes melitus

146
Q

What purpose does the hamster’s cheek pouch serve?

A

Store food, bedding, nesting material , hide babies.

147
Q

What does excessive accumulation of porphyrin in rats indicate?

A

Pain or distress

148
Q

Which teeth of rats and mice grow continuously throughout life?

A

Incisors

149
Q

How often are rats generally fed and watered?

A

Ad libitum

150
Q

Ruffled fur and hunched posture of rats can indicate what?

A

Illness or injury

151
Q

At what age are rats weaned?

A

20-21 days

152
Q

Which strain of rat is known as the hooded rat?

A

Long-evans

153
Q

What is the reddish material found in the tears and saliva in rats?

A

Porphyrin

154
Q

Overgrowth of rodent incisors is called_______.

A

Malocclusion

155
Q

What is the scientific name for the most common species of rat used in research?

A

Rattus norvegicus

156
Q

True/False: the gallbladder can cause significant illness in the rat.

A

False. The rat does NOT have a gallbladder.

157
Q

Is the anogenital distance longer in the male for female mouse?

A

Male

158
Q

During what part of the photoperiod does most of the mouse’s activity take place?

A

Dark period

159
Q

What what age are mice typically weaned?

A

21-28 days

160
Q

What is the behavioral condition in which a mouse chews fur off another mouse?

A

Barbering

161
Q

What are common enrichment items for mouse cages?

A

Nesting materials, structures for hiding, chewing materials

162
Q

What is the hair color pattern of mice called in which the shaft of the hair is a light color and the tip is black?

A

Agouti

163
Q

What is the scientific name for the laboratory mouse?

A

Mus musculus

164
Q

If two mouse strains are bred to produce a mixture of genes from each strain, what are the offspring called?

A

Hybrids

165
Q

The nude mouse has a deficiency in which body system?

A

Immune system

166
Q

What is the term for the space between the anus and the genital papilla?

A

Anogenital distance

167
Q

In a monogamous mating scheme, how many males and how many females are put together in a cage?

A

One male and one female

168
Q

An inbred strain is achieved after a minimum of how many generations of brother to sister or parent to offspring breedings?

A

20 generations

169
Q

What is another name for a polygamous mating system in which one male is housed with 2 females?

A

Harem mating system

170
Q

What is a milk spot on a neonatal rodent?

A

A district white spot visible on the left side of the abdomen of newborn rats and mice indicating the stomach contains milk.

171
Q

What is the term for difficult labor or birthing’s?

A

Dystocia

172
Q

What is a transgenic animal?

A

An animal that contains genetic material from a different source

173
Q

What is the term for a damaged or changed gene?

A

Mutation

174
Q

What is the period from conception to parturition called?

A

Gestation

175
Q

What does finding a vaginal plug in a female mouse mean?

A

Evidence of mating within the previous 24 hours.

176
Q

In what breeding scheme are unrelated or distantly related animals mated?

A

Outbreeding

177
Q

What are the units of genetic inheritance?

A

Genes

178
Q

Genes are located on the chromosomes and are made up of a chemical called ______.

A

Deoxyribonuckeic acid (DNA)

179
Q

Long strings of double stranded DNA form _______.

A

Chromosomes

180
Q

An inherited characteristic such as fur color is called a _____.

A

Trait

181
Q

True/False: a gene that easily expresses the trait of an animal is said to be recessive.

A

False. The trait is said to be dominant.

182
Q

In a research project, the group that is manipulated is called the______ group.

A

Experimental or test

ALAT (1 decks)

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