AKI

Question 1

AEIOU

Answer 1

Acidosis (Severe only)
Electrolyte
Ingestion of toxin, Intoxication
Oedema (severe fluid overload that is not reversible by diuretics)
Uraemia (Not Uricemia, uraemia can lead to seizure)

Question 2

Questions to screen Prerenal Hypovolemic/Fluid Loss Causes during History Taking

Answer 2

• Have you had recent vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating?
• Have you had any bleeding (visible or occult)?
• Have you noticed dizziness, fainting, or lightheadedness when standing?
• Have you been drinking enough fluids recently?

Question 3

Questions to screen Prerenal Cardiac and Circulatory Causes during History Taking

Answer 3

• Do you have a history of heart failure, recent heart attack, or low blood pressure?
• Have you had any recent episodes of palpitations or shortness of breath?
• Any new swelling in your legs or sudden weight gain (suggesting fluid overload)?
• Have you been feeling extremely fatigued or confused?

Question 4

Questions to screen Prerenal Medications use that affect renal perfusion

Answer 4

Medication Use Affecting Renal Perfusion
* Are you taking NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or diuretics?
* Have you recently started any new blood pressure medications?
* Have you been on any chemotherapy or immunosuppressants?

Question 5

Questions to screen Intrarenal (Intrinsic) Causes (Direct Kidney Damage)
Glomerular Causes (Autoimmune, Infections, Vasculitis)

Answer 5

• Have you noticed blood in your urine (hematuria)?
• Have you experienced frothy urine (suggesting proteinuria)? (asking bear foaming urine instead)
• Any recent sore throat or skin infections (suggestive of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis)?
• Any history of autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus, vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis)?
• Have you had any recent rashes, joint pain, or unusual bruising?

Question 6

Questions to screen Intrarenal (Intrinsic) Causes (Direct Kidney Damage) Tubular Causes (Nephrotoxic or Ischemic Injury)

Answer 6

• Have you had recent contrast imaging (CT scan, angiography, etc.)?
• Have you been exposed to toxins or heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury)?
• Have you been on aminoglycoside antibiotics, antifungals, or chemotherapy drugs?
• Have you had a recent blood transfusion or signs of muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis, e.g., muscle pain, dark urine)?
• Any history of drug abuse (e.g., heroin, cocaine, synthetic drugs)?

Question 6

Questions to screen Intrarenal (Intrinsic) Causes (Direct Kidney Damage) Interstitial Causes (Allergic or Inflammatory)

Answer 6

Interstitial Causes (Allergic or Inflammatory)
* Have you recently started new antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides)?
* Have you had fever, rash, or joint pain (suggesting interstitial nephritis)?
* Have you had any allergic reactions to medications or food recently?

Question 7

Questions to screen Postrenal causes of AKI Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Answer 7

Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
* Have you had difficulty passing urine or a weak stream?
* Do you feel like you cannot completely empty your bladder?
* Have you noticed any urinary dribbling or hesitancy?
* Have you had pain in your lower abdomen or perineum?

Question 8

Questions to screen Postrenal causes of AKI Obstructive Causes

Answer 8

Obstructive Causes
* Have you had a history of kidney stones, prostate issues, or pelvic tumors?
* Have you had any recent pelvic surgery or trauma?
* Have you had blood in your urine?
* Have you had recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Question 9

Questions to screen Postrenal causes of AKI Gynecological Causes

Answer 9

Gynecological Causes
* When was your last menstrual period (if applicable)? Any possibility of pregnancy (e.g., uterine enlargement causing obstruction)?
* Have you had fibroids or ovarian masses?
* Have you had recent childbirth or gynecological procedures?