ais 2 Flashcards
common business events that occur regularly.
Financial transactions
acquisition of materials, property, and labor in exchange for cash.
expenditure cycle
composed of the production
system and the cost accounting system.
conversion cycle
composed of sales order processing and cash receipts.
Revenue Cycle
capture and formalize transaction data
- Source documents
are documents that result from transaction processing.
- Product documents
are product documents of one system.
- Turnaround documents
often used to denote certain types of special journals. For example, the payroll journal is often called the payroll register.
- REGISTER
are accounting journal entries into an accounting system. For control purposes, all JVs should be approved by the appropriate designated authority.
Journal vouchers
book of accounts that reflects the financial effects of the firm’s transactions.
- Ledgers
set of accounting records that trace transactions from their source documents.
audit trail
responsibility involves, in part, the review of selected accounts
external auditor’s
contains account data. (AR, Inv, COGS, Sales)
master file
is a temporary file that holds transaction records. (Sales orders)
transaction file
is a file that stores the data used as standards (Freight changes)
reference file
is a file that contains records of past transactions. (Journal)
archive file
large mainframe systems implemented in the late 1960s through the 1980s.
legacy systems
environment in which individual data files are not related to other files.
flat-file model
three significant problems in the flat-file environment
: data storage, data updating, and currency of information.
efficient information system that captures and stores data only once
Data Capture and Storage
problem associated with the flat-file model because of its failure to update all the user files
Currency of Information
periodic updating of data
. Data Updating
user’s inability to obtain additional information
Task-Data Dependency
is a symbolic model of the structure
database model
software system that controls access to the data resource.
database management system (DBMS)
convey vital system information more effectively and efficiently than words.
- Visual images
use system documentation routinely, as both systems designers and auditors.
- Accountant
- Five basic documentation techniques are
data flow diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, system flowcharts, program flowcharts, and record layout diagrams.
use of a set of symbols in a diagram to
data flow diagram (DFD)
diagram is a documentation technique represent the relationship among data entities
entity relationship (ER
numeric mapping between entities such as one-to-one (1:1), one-to-many (1:M), and many-to-many (M:M).
- Cardinality
the blueprint for what ultimately will become the physical database.
data model
to show the relationship between the key elements—input sources, programs, and output products
- system flowchart
- Lay out the physical areas of activity.
- Flowcharting Manual Activities
- Transcribe the written facts into visual format.
- Flowcharting Computer Processes
gathering transactions into groups or batches and then processing the entire batch as a single event.
- Batch processing
to reveal the internal structure of the records. The layout diagram usually shows the name, data type, and length of each attribute (or field) in the record.
- Record layout diagrams
diagram providing a detailed description of the sequential operations of the program.
program flowchart
process individual transactions continuously as they occur.
- Real-time processing systems
assemble transactions into groups for processing.
- Batch systems
process transactions individually at the moment the economic event occurs
- Real-time systems
involves changing the value of one or more of its variable fields
* Master file backup procedures
- Updating a master file
or “wait” is a state that occurs between sites when data are locked by multiple sites
- Deadlock
process the entire transaction as it occurs.
- Real-time systems
is well suited to systems that process lower transaction volumes
- Real-time processing
throughout the organization are used for receiving, processing, and sending information
- Terminals at distributed sites
involves creating simple numeric or alphabetic codes
- Data coding
takes a great deal of recording space, is time-consuming to record, and is obviously prone to many types of errors.
- Uncoded entry
are codes that represent items in some sequential order (ascending or descending).
- Sequential codes
is a coding scheme that assigns ranges of values to specific attributes
block code
is a listing of an organization’s accounts
chart of accounts
are used to represent complex items
- Group codes
are alphabetic characters assigned sequentially.
- Alphabetic codes
are codes that allow the use of pure alphabetic characters embedded within numeric codes.
Alphanumeric codes
are alphabetic characters in the form of acronyms
- Mnemonic codes
for physically arranging records
- Data structures
refers to the way records are physically arranged on the secondary storage device (e.g., a disk).
- Organization
used to locate records and navigate through the database
- Access method
organizational environment in which users own their data exclusively.
- Flat-file approach
all records in the file lie in contiguous storage spaces
- Sequential structure
all records in the file are accessed sequentially.
- Sequential access method
files that are structured sequentially and must be accessed sequentially.
- Sequential files
storage of data at a unique location, known as an address, on a hard disk or floppy disk.
- Direct access structures
class of file structure that uses indexes for its primary access method.
- INDEXED STRUCTURE
randomly organized file accessed via an index.
- Indexed random file
structure used for very large files that require routine batch processing
- VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD STRUCTURE
structure employing an algorithm
- HASHING STRUCTURE
- the address (pointer) of one record is stored in the field on a related record.
- POINTER STRUCTURE
contains the actual disk storage location (cylinder, surface, and record number)
physical address pointer
contains relative position of a record in the file.
relative address pointer
primary key of the related record.
- logical key pointer
