airways Flashcards
what generation has blind passageways, grape-like clusters, share common walls with other alveoli, alveoli originate from alveolar sacs?
generation 23
last generation
what generation originate from respiratory bronchioles and give way to alveolar sacs? walls are totally made up of alveoli
generation 20-22
at what generation of airways does the transitional & respiratory zone begin?
generation 17-23
begins at respiratory bronchioles and ends at alveolar sacs
what are clara cells and what are the two substances they produce?
located in the terminal bronchioles they are plump columnar cells
- produces mucus and surfactant
what is the cross-sectional area of generation 17-19 when compared to the generation before it and to the trachea?
1000cm2
how does the increase in cross-sectional area affect flow rate?
increase cross-sectional area will slow air speed
how does the increase in cross-sectional area affect lung sound?
as surface area increase, the more diminished the breath sounds
what normal lung sounds are heard at generation 17-19?
vesicular breath sounds/ diminished
terminal bronchioles is in what generation?
generation 16
what is the cross-sectional area in generation 16 (terminal bronchioles) compared to the trachea?
116cm2
- larger than the trachea
what is the epithelial lining of the terminal bronchial (generation 16) made of?
squamous epithelial , clara cells, cilia is now gone
what are the boundaries of the conduction zone? where does it begin and where does it end?
conduction zone 0-16
begins at the trachea and ends at the terminal bronchioles
what keeps the airways clean if there is no mucociliary blanket to trap and remove debris?
circulating macrophages at this level will keep airways clean
the bronchioles is in what generation?
generation 10-15
what is the airway diameter of the bronchioles?
1mm
in generation 10-15 what structures are necessary to keep the airways open also referred to as airway patency?
fibrous elastic and smooth muscle tissue
how has the epithelial tissue of airways changed with generation 10-15?
- thinner
- goblet and submucosal gland cells decreased
- cilia decreased
the subsegmental bronchi is in what generation?
generation 4-9
what is happening to the airway diameter in generation 4-9?
decreasing in size (smaller) 1-6 mm
what is happening to the surface area if the airways cumulatively when you reach generation 4-9?
surface area increases
how has the cartilage changed in generation 4-9 from the previous generation?
volume and regularity has decreased
what is happening to the number of mucus and goblet cells in generation 4-9?
decreasing
do cilia still exist in generation 4-9?
yes
what generation is segmental bronchi?
generation 3
how many segmental bronchi are there within both left and right lungs?
18
what is happening to the diameter in generation 3
diameter is decreasing 4.5-13mm in diameter
what is happening to the surface area of the airway in generation 3 (segmental bronchi)?
increased branching increases surface area
how has the cartilage changed at the level of the segmented bronchi (generation 3)?
less regular in shape and volume
what is the angle of the left mainstem bronchus?
40-55 degree angle from midline
how many lobar bronchi are there on the right?
3
- right upper lobe
- middle lobar
- lower lobar bronchi
how many lobar bronchi are there on the left side?
2
- left upper
- lower lobar bronchi
knowing the angle of the left and right mainstem bronchus how does this knowledge anatomically relate to problems during intubation?
right mainstem intubation occur more often that left mainstem, as the airway is bigger in diameter
how does the angle of the right and left mainstem bronchus relate to the problem of aspiration?
right lung is at a smaller angle therefore it is more conductive to foreign materials entering the right lung. Materials can enter especially during artificial airways making it susceptible to aspiration
what type of epithelial line the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
what does the phase dichotomous branching in relation to division of the airway and generation of the airway?
divides and produces 2 airways, which continues to divide by 2.
be able to relate the rapid increase in generations of airways to the concept of airway surface area?
as the generation gets larger, the surface area increases and the diameter decreases
what is the angle of the right mainstem bronchus?
20-30 degree angle
what would happen to the trachea if the cartilage was absent?
trachea would collapse
what are the dimensions of the average adult trachea?
10-13 cm length
2-2.5 in diameter
what cervical vertebrae can be used on the chest x-ray to locate the carina (bifurcation)?
5th thoracic vertebrae
what important structures are located in the lamina propria?
small blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve tracts, elastic fibers, smooth muscle, submucosal glands
what parts of the larynx must work together in a coordinated fashion to seal the larynx shut?
the aryepiglottic folds, epiglottis, ventricular folds, and the vocal folds must act together in coordination
what is the function of the tracheobronchial tree?
functions in ventilation with the to and from movement of air. Know as the conducting airway
why is the tracheobronchial tree classified as anatomical dead space?
air in the trachea does not meet the alveoli
what is the importance of the tracheal cartilage?
keeps the trachea open
the larynx is divided into 3 sections. what section contains the true vocal cords?
the middle section
where is the opening of the adult airway?
glottis (vocal cords)
where is the smallest opening of an infant airway?
cricoid cartilage
what is the average transfer diameter of the glottis for male and female adult?
male:9-10
Female: 7-8
how does the diameter size of the glottis relate to intubation?
The ET tube selected should be able to move into the small airway, and form a good seal so the diameter of the airway must be considered when selecting the correct size of ET tube/
which direction do the vocal cords move during exhalation?
adductions is accomplished by medial rotation and approximation of the arytenoids, thus sealing of the glottis.
what is the function of the 3 paired cartilages?
to move the vocal cords, to tighten and relax them
what is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?
the epiglottis is squeezed between the base of the tongue and thyroid cartilage causing the pivoting of the epiglottis in the inferior and posterior direction. It does not seal but acts like an umbrella to keep liquid and fluid from entering the lungs. Its role is primarily protection of the airways.
what is another name for the false vocal cords?
ventricular folds
