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airways part 2 RTH 121 > airways > Flashcards

airways Flashcards

1
Q

what generation has blind passageways, grape-like clusters, share common walls with other alveoli, alveoli originate from alveolar sacs?

A

generation 23

last generation

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2
Q

what generation originate from respiratory bronchioles and give way to alveolar sacs? walls are totally made up of alveoli

A

generation 20-22

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3
Q

at what generation of airways does the transitional & respiratory zone begin?

A

generation 17-23

begins at respiratory bronchioles and ends at alveolar sacs

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4
Q

what are clara cells and what are the two substances they produce?

A

located in the terminal bronchioles they are plump columnar cells
- produces mucus and surfactant

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5
Q

what is the cross-sectional area of generation 17-19 when compared to the generation before it and to the trachea?

A

1000cm2

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6
Q

how does the increase in cross-sectional area affect flow rate?

A

increase cross-sectional area will slow air speed

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7
Q

how does the increase in cross-sectional area affect lung sound?

A

as surface area increase, the more diminished the breath sounds

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8
Q

what normal lung sounds are heard at generation 17-19?

A

vesicular breath sounds/ diminished

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9
Q

terminal bronchioles is in what generation?

A

generation 16

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10
Q

what is the cross-sectional area in generation 16 (terminal bronchioles) compared to the trachea?

A

116cm2

- larger than the trachea

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11
Q

what is the epithelial lining of the terminal bronchial (generation 16) made of?

A

squamous epithelial , clara cells, cilia is now gone

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12
Q

what are the boundaries of the conduction zone? where does it begin and where does it end?

A

conduction zone 0-16

begins at the trachea and ends at the terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

what keeps the airways clean if there is no mucociliary blanket to trap and remove debris?

A

circulating macrophages at this level will keep airways clean

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14
Q

the bronchioles is in what generation?

A

generation 10-15

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15
Q

what is the airway diameter of the bronchioles?

A

1mm

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16
Q

in generation 10-15 what structures are necessary to keep the airways open also referred to as airway patency?

A

fibrous elastic and smooth muscle tissue

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17
Q

how has the epithelial tissue of airways changed with generation 10-15?

A
  • thinner
  • goblet and submucosal gland cells decreased
  • cilia decreased
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18
Q

the subsegmental bronchi is in what generation?

A

generation 4-9

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19
Q

what is happening to the airway diameter in generation 4-9?

A

decreasing in size (smaller) 1-6 mm

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20
Q

what is happening to the surface area if the airways cumulatively when you reach generation 4-9?

A

surface area increases

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21
Q

how has the cartilage changed in generation 4-9 from the previous generation?

A

volume and regularity has decreased

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22
Q

what is happening to the number of mucus and goblet cells in generation 4-9?

A

decreasing

23
Q

do cilia still exist in generation 4-9?

A

yes

24
Q

what generation is segmental bronchi?

A

generation 3

25
Q

how many segmental bronchi are there within both left and right lungs?

A

18

26
Q

what is happening to the diameter in generation 3

A

diameter is decreasing 4.5-13mm in diameter

27
Q

what is happening to the surface area of the airway in generation 3 (segmental bronchi)?

A

increased branching increases surface area

28
Q

how has the cartilage changed at the level of the segmented bronchi (generation 3)?

A

less regular in shape and volume

29
Q

what is the angle of the left mainstem bronchus?

A

40-55 degree angle from midline

30
Q

how many lobar bronchi are there on the right?

A

3

  • right upper lobe
  • middle lobar
  • lower lobar bronchi
31
Q

how many lobar bronchi are there on the left side?

A

2

  • left upper
  • lower lobar bronchi
32
Q

knowing the angle of the left and right mainstem bronchus how does this knowledge anatomically relate to problems during intubation?

A

right mainstem intubation occur more often that left mainstem, as the airway is bigger in diameter

33
Q

how does the angle of the right and left mainstem bronchus relate to the problem of aspiration?

A

right lung is at a smaller angle therefore it is more conductive to foreign materials entering the right lung. Materials can enter especially during artificial airways making it susceptible to aspiration

34
Q

what type of epithelial line the trachea?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

35
Q

what does the phase dichotomous branching in relation to division of the airway and generation of the airway?

A

divides and produces 2 airways, which continues to divide by 2.

36
Q

be able to relate the rapid increase in generations of airways to the concept of airway surface area?

A

as the generation gets larger, the surface area increases and the diameter decreases

37
Q

what is the angle of the right mainstem bronchus?

A

20-30 degree angle

38
Q

what would happen to the trachea if the cartilage was absent?

A

trachea would collapse

39
Q

what are the dimensions of the average adult trachea?

A

10-13 cm length

2-2.5 in diameter

40
Q

what cervical vertebrae can be used on the chest x-ray to locate the carina (bifurcation)?

A

5th thoracic vertebrae

41
Q

what important structures are located in the lamina propria?

A

small blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve tracts, elastic fibers, smooth muscle, submucosal glands

42
Q

what parts of the larynx must work together in a coordinated fashion to seal the larynx shut?

A

the aryepiglottic folds, epiglottis, ventricular folds, and the vocal folds must act together in coordination

43
Q

what is the function of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

functions in ventilation with the to and from movement of air. Know as the conducting airway

44
Q

why is the tracheobronchial tree classified as anatomical dead space?

A

air in the trachea does not meet the alveoli

45
Q

what is the importance of the tracheal cartilage?

A

keeps the trachea open

46
Q

the larynx is divided into 3 sections. what section contains the true vocal cords?

A

the middle section

47
Q

where is the opening of the adult airway?

A

glottis (vocal cords)

48
Q

where is the smallest opening of an infant airway?

A

cricoid cartilage

49
Q

what is the average transfer diameter of the glottis for male and female adult?

A

male:9-10
Female: 7-8

50
Q

how does the diameter size of the glottis relate to intubation?

A

The ET tube selected should be able to move into the small airway, and form a good seal so the diameter of the airway must be considered when selecting the correct size of ET tube/

51
Q

which direction do the vocal cords move during exhalation?

A

adductions is accomplished by medial rotation and approximation of the arytenoids, thus sealing of the glottis.

52
Q

what is the function of the 3 paired cartilages?

A

to move the vocal cords, to tighten and relax them

53
Q

what is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?

A

the epiglottis is squeezed between the base of the tongue and thyroid cartilage causing the pivoting of the epiglottis in the inferior and posterior direction. It does not seal but acts like an umbrella to keep liquid and fluid from entering the lungs. Its role is primarily protection of the airways.

54
Q

what is another name for the false vocal cords?

A

ventricular folds

airways part 2 RTH 121 (3 decks)

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