Airway Mgmnt and Ventilation Chap 15 (Rio) Flashcards
Name primary functions of the Upper Airway
Warm, Filter, and Humidify Inspired air (p712)
Name primary functions of the Lower Airway
Exchange Oxygen and CO2 (p715)
Name the point of division between the upper and lower airways.
Larynx (p. 712) Glottis (lecture)
Name the 3 portions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx (p713)
Another term used to describe the Laryngopharynx?
Hypopharynx (p713)
The most common cause of anatomic upper airway obstruction?
The tongue (p714)
The Lower Airway extends between what internal anatomical landmarks?
The glottis to the pulmonary capillary membrane (p715)
The first ring of the trachea and the only one to form a complete ring.
The cricoid cartilage (p715)
Name the anatomic space located between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis.
the vallecula (p716)
The trachea and mainstem bronchi are lined with what 3 things?
- Goblet cells (mucous-producing)
- cilia
- beta2 adrenergic receptors (p716)
What part of the lung is the functional site for the exchange of oxygen and CO2?
The alveoli. (p716)
A phospholipid compound that decreases surface tension on the alveolar walls and keeps them expanded?
surfactant (p716)
Term used to describe the collapse of the alveoli.
atelectasis (p716)
What is ventilation?
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs (p717)
Name the two phases of ventilation.
- inhalation(inspiration)
- exhalation(expiration) (p717)
Term used to describe the active, muscular part of breathing.
Inhalation (p717)
What is oxygenation?
The process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream (p717)
What is respiration?
The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and the tissues of the body. (p717)
During inhalation, the thoracic cage expands, decreasing air pressure in the thorax, which pulls air through the trachea, causing the lungs to fill. This process is___?
negative-pressure ventilation (p718)
With ineffective or no chest movement, negative intrathoracic pressure cannot be created and the only way to move air into the lungs is with____?
positive-pressure ventilation (p719)
Oxygen transfer from air into the capillaries in the alveoli occurs because of what process?
diffusion (p719)
Volume of inhaled air that reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange; equal to tidal volume minus dead space volume; approx 350 mL in average adult; also called alveolar ventilation (p719)
Alveolar volume
A law of gas that states the amount of gas in a solution varies directly with the partial pressure of a gas over the solution. (E.g. As pressure of a gas over a liquid decreases, the amount of gas dissolved in the liquid will also decrease.)
Henry’s Law (p719)
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; principal by-product is lactic acid.
Anaerobic metabolism (p724)
Prolonged gasping inspirations followed by extremely short, ineffective expirations; associated with brainstorm insult.
Apneustic respirations (p731)
The posterior border of the oral cavity
Palatoglossal arch (p714)
The amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli per minute and participates in gas exchange.
Alveolar minute volume (VA)
An absence of oxygen
Anoxia
Inability to speak
Aphonia
A biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate; also called metabolism.
Cellular respiration (p307 and p724) (Not a great question but from the book flash cards.)
One side of the chest moves less than the other; indicating that airflow into one lung is decreased.
Asymmetric chest wall movement (p729)
States that the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
Boyle’s Law
Trauma resulting from excessive pressure
Barotrauma
Irregular pattern, rate, and depth of respirations with intermittent periods of apnea, result from increased intracranial pressure.
Biot (ataxic) respirations (p731)
Pyramid-like cartilaginous structures that form the posterior attachment t of the vocal cords.
Arytenoid cartilages (p716)
Sense organs that monitor the levels of oxygen and CO2, the pH of the CSF and blood, and provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing.
Chemoreceptors (p721)
Three sets of chemoreceptors that affect respiratory function:
- Carotid bodies
- in the aortic arch
- Central chemoreceptors (in medulla)
A condition in which an increased amount of air enters the alveoli; CO2 elimination exceeds CO2 production.
Hyperventilation
A ridge-like projection of the tracheal cartilage located where the trachea bifurcated into the right and left mainstem bronchi
Carina
The main supporting cartilage of the larynx; a shield shaped structure formed by two plates that join in a V-shape anteriorly to form the laryngeal prominence known as the Adam’s apple.
Thyroid cartilage
Common name is Adam’s apple.
Laryngeal prominence
Hemoglobin loaded with carbon monoxide (CO)
Carboxyhemoglobin
Anatomical space, or pocket, located between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis; important landmark for endotracheal intubation
Vallecula
A gradually increasing rate and depth of respirations followed by a gradual decrease with intermittent periods of apnea; associated with brainstem insult.
Cheney-Stokes respirations
A condition in which a decreased amount of air enters the alveoli; Co2 production then exceeds the body’s ability to eliminate it by ventilation.
Hypoventilation (p727)
A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is located.
My momma says…dorsal respiratory group.
The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a full inhalation; in a healthy man; about 4800 mL.
Vital capacity (p720)
The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration.
External respiration.(p723)
The percentage of oxygen in inhaled air
Fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2)
Room air- FIO2 of 0.21
(NRB- FIO2 of 0.90)
The nasal cavity, formed by the union of the facial bones.
Nasopharynx (p713)
The entrance from the oral cavity into the throat (pharynx).
Palatopharyngral arch (p713)
An automatic reaction when something touches an area drop in the oral cavity that helps protect the lower airway from aspiration.
Gag reflex
Condition in which blood entering the lungs from the right side of the heart bypasses the alveoli and returns to the left side of the heart in an in unoxygenated state.
Intrapulmonary shunting (p727)
Usually caused by decrease in alveolar surface area (damage or fluid) creating a VQ mismatch
The ligament between the tongue and the epiglottis.
Glossoepiglottic ligament
The amount of air that can be forced from the lungs in a single exhalation.
Functional reserve capacity
Because of their proximity to and direct communication with the nasal passage, the frontal and maxillary sinuses are referred to as:
The paranasal sinuses (p713)
The amount if air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation. Average about 1200 mL.
Expiratory reserve volume (p720)
Paired lymphatic tissues that lie on the lateral walls of the palatoglossal arch and anterior to the paltopharyngeal arch.
Palatine tonsils
Secondary control of breathing base on decreased PaO2 levels.
Hypoxic drive
Slow, shallow, irregular respirations or occasional gasping breaths; resulting from cerebral anoxia.
Agonal gasps.
Increased CO2 content in arterial blood
Hypercarbia
Cerebrospinal fluid drainage from the nose
Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea
The point of entry of blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi into each lung.
The hilum (p716)
A decrease in arterial oxygen level
Hypoxemia
The amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume
Bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past non-functioning alveoli
Intrapulmonary shunting
The ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn into the lungs during negative-pressure ventilation or pushed into the lungs during positive-pressure ventilation.
Lung compliance (p749)
The chemical processes that provide the cells with energy from nutrients
Metabolism (p723)
for cells 3 types of reactions: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron chain transport)(p307
A compound formed by oxidation of the iron on hemoglobin
Methemoglobin (MetHb) (p734)
Two types of hemoglobin normally found in blood
- Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
2. Reduced hemoglobin (p734)
The amount of air that moves in and out of the respiratory tract per minute.
Minute volume (VM)
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation.
Residual volume. (p720)
An imbalance in the amount of oxygen received in the alveoli and the amount of blood flowing through the alveolar capillaries.
V/Q mismatch
An oxygen flow meter that is commonly used because it’s not affected by gravity and can be placed in any position
Bourdon-gauge flowmeter. (p752)
Deep, gasping respirations; common is ketoacidosis.
Kussmaul respirations
Decreased carbon dioxide content in arterial blood.
Hypocarbia
Forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks, and inferiorly by the tongue.
Oropharynx (p714)
Positional dyspnea
Orthopnea
The process of adding oxygen, such as for the delivery to the cells.
Oxygenation (p722)
This is a vague question that was in the jblearning flash cards. But I included it anyway.
Hemoglobin that is occupied by oxygen.
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) (p734)
The structure that forms the roof of the mouth and separates the oropharynx and Nasopharynx.
Palate
Mucous-producing cells found mainly in the respiratory and intestinal tracts.
Goblet cells
Mechanical maintenance of pressure in the airway at the end of expiration to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
Additional dead space created by Intrapulmonary obstructions or atelectasis.
Physiologic dead spaces
The amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood; measured in mm of mercury (mm Hg) or torr.
Partial pressure.
