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4. Miller Review > AIRWAY MANAGEMENT > Flashcards

AIRWAY MANAGEMENT Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the definition of difficult mask ventilation?
A
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2
Q
  1. What is the incidence of difficult mask ventilation?
A
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3
Q
  1. What is the definition of difficult tracheal intubation/laryngoscopy?
A
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4
Q
  1. What is the incidence of difficult tracheal intubation/laryngoscopy?
A
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5
Q
  1. What is the incidence of failed tracheal intubation?
A
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6
Q
  1. How does resistance to airflow through the nasal passages compare to that through
    the mouth?
A
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7
Q
  1. How does resistance to airflow through the nasal passages compare to that through
    the mouth?
A
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8
Q
  1. What nerves innervate the hard and soft palate?
A
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9
Q
  1. What nerve provides sensation to the anterior two thirds of the tongue?
A
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10
Q
  1. What nerve innervates the posterior third of the tongue, the soft palate, and the
    oropharynx?
A
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11
Q
  1. What are the three components of the pharynx?
A
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12
Q
  1. What nerves innervate the pharynx?
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13
Q
  1. Complete the following table: (223, Table 16-1, Motor and Sensory Innervation
    of Larynx
A
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14
Q
  1. Where is the narrowest part of the adult airway?
A
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15
Q
  1. What is special about the cricoid cartilage compared with the other tracheal cartilages?
A
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16
Q
  1. What is the purpose of the Mallampati classification system?
A
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17
Q
  1. Describe the observer/patient position during Mallampati classification.
A
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18
Q
  1. Describe the Mallampati classes.
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19
Q
  1. What is the purpose of the Cormack and Lehane score?
A
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20
Q
  1. Describe the Cormack and Lehane grades.
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21
Q
  1. What is the purpose of the upper lip bite test (ULBT)?
A
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22
Q
  1. Describe the upper lip bite test (ULBT) classes.
A
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23
Q
  1. What three axes must be aligned to obtain a line of vision during direct
    laryngoscopy? How is this accomplished? What is this final position called?
A
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24
Q
  1. What is the concern with a “short” thyromental distance?
A
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25
Q
  1. What is the concern with a decreased submandibular compliance?
A
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26
Q
  1. What position is associated with improved alignment of the three axes to obtain a
    line of vision during laryngoscopy in obese patients?
A
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27
Q
  1. What maneuver facilitates identification of the cricoid cartilage in patients who do
    not have a prominent thyroid cartilage?
A
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28
Q
  1. What is “preoxygenation” prior to the induction of anesthesia? What is its value?
A
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29
Q
  1. How is preoxygenation accomplished?
A
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30
Q
  1. Name ten independent variables that are associated with difficult facemask
    ventilation.
A
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31
Q
  1. Why is it important to limit ventilation pressure to less than 20 cm H2O during
    facemask ventilation?
A
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32
Q
  1. What are contraindications to nasal airway placement?
A
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33
Q
  1. What are some indications for endotracheal intubation?
A
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34
Q
  1. What is another name for cricoid pressure and how is it performed?
A
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35
Q
  1. What is the purpose of cricoid pressure?
A
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36
Q
  1. Describe the proper placement of the tip of a curved (Macintosh) laryngoscope blade
    versus that of a straight (Miller) laryngoscope blade for exposure of the glottic
    opening during laryngoscopy.
A
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37
Q
  1. Describe the OELM and BURP maneuvers. What is their purpose?
A
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38
Q
  1. How are endotracheal tubes sized?
A
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39
Q
  1. Why are endotracheal tubes radiopaque and transparent
A
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40
Q
  1. Why are low-pressure, high-volume cuffs on endotracheal tubes preferred?
A
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41
Q
  1. What are some serious complications attributable to endotracheal cuff pressures?
A
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42
Q
  1. Name some stylets that can be used to facilitate endotracheal intubation.
A
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43
Q
  1. What are some methods to confirm the correct placement of an
    endotracheal tube?
A
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44
Q
  1. When is an awake fiberoptic endotracheal intubation most frequently chosen?
A
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45
Q
  1. Why is fiberoptic endotracheal intubation recommended for patients with unstable
    cervical spines?
A
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46
Q
  1. Why is fiberoptic endotracheal intubation recommended for patients who have
    sustained an injury to the upper airway from either blunt or penetrating trauma?
A
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47
Q
  1. What is an absolute contraindication to fiberoptic endotracheal intubation?
A
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48
Q
  1. What are some relative contraindications to fiberoptic endotracheal intubation?
A
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49
Q
  1. What are some advantages and disadvantages of nasal fiberoptic endotracheal
    intubation?
A
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50
Q
  1. Why should an antisialagogue be given before fiberoptic endotracheal intubation?
A
51
Q
  1. On what basis is the choice of sedation for an awake fiberoptic tracheal intubation
    made?
A
52
Q
  1. Describe preparation of the nose and nasopharynx for nasal fiberoptic tracheal
    intubation.
A
53
Q
  1. Describe preparation of the tongue and oropharynx for nasal or oral fiberoptic
    tracheal intubation.
A
54
Q
  1. Describe preparation of the larynx and trachea for nasal or oral fiberoptic tracheal
    intubation.
A
55
Q
  1. Why is lidocaine the preferred airway topical local anesthetic?
A
56
Q
  1. Name two blocks that can be performed to topicalize the larynx and trachea.
A
57
Q
  1. How can the risks of mucosal trauma or submucosal bleeding with nasal
    endotracheal intubation be minimized?
A
58
Q
  1. What advantages does inflation of the endotracheal tube cuff during advancement
    with the fiberoptic scope offer?
A
59
Q
  1. How is endotracheal tube depth verified during fiberoptic intubation?
A
60
Q
  1. What are possible causes of resistance when removing the fiberoptic
    bronchoscope?
A
61
Q
  1. What is the utility of oral intubating airways during oral fiberoptic endotracheal
    tracheal intubation?
A
62
Q
  1. Why is visualization more difficult during fiberoptic endotracheal tracheal
    intubation in an asleep patient?
A
63
Q
  1. Why is having a second person trained in anesthesia delivery present
    recommended for fiberoptic endotracheal tracheal intubation in an asleep patient?
A
64
Q
  1. Describe a Patil-Syracuse mask
A
65
Q
  1. Describe an Aintree airway exchange catheter.
A
66
Q
  1. Name some rigid fiberoptic laryngoscopes. When might these laryngoscopes be
    useful?
A
67
Q
  1. Describe the retrograde and blind nasal endotracheal intubation techniques and
    when they might be useful.
A
68
Q
  1. Describe correct anatomic placement of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA).
A
69
Q
  1. For what purpose was the LMA Fastrach designed?
A
70
Q
  1. When using an ILMA, why are silicone Euromedical endotracheal tubes preferred
    over standard endotracheal tubes? What is the disadvantage of these tubes?
A
71
Q
  1. Describe the LMA CTrach
A
72
Q
  1. Describe the ProSeal LMA.
A
73
Q
  1. Describe the esophageal-tracheal Combitube (ETC).
A
74
Q
  1. What is transtracheal jet ventilation and when might it be useful? When is it
    contraindicated? What are some potential risks of transtracheal jet ventilation?
A
75
Q
  1. What is a cricothyrotomy and when is it usually performed?
A
76
Q
  1. Why is tracheal extubation during a light level of anesthesia dangerous?
A
77
Q
  1. What is laryngospasm? When is it most likely to occur?
A
78
Q
  1. How should laryngospasm be treated?
A
79
Q
  1. When is deep tracheal extubation contraindicated?
A
80
Q
  1. What are the steps of tracheal extubation?
A
81
Q
  1. What is the most common complication during direct laryngoscopy?
A
82
Q
  1. Describe endotracheal tube movement during head flexion and extension
A
83
Q
  1. What are the two most serious complications after tracheal extubation?
A
84
Q
  1. What is the major complication of prolonged tracheal intubation?
A
85
Q
  1. What are some differences between the infant and the adult airway? At what age
    does the pediatric upper airway take on more adultlike characteristics?
A
86
Q
  1. Contrast the location of the larynx in an infant versus an adult. What effect does
    this have on the tongue?
A
87
Q
  1. Contrast the size of an infant’s tongue in proportion to the size of the mouth with
    that of an adult. What are the consequences of this?
A
88
Q
  1. Contrast an infant’s epiglottis with that of an adult.
A
89
Q
  1. What advantages do straight laryngoscopes offer over curved laryngoscopes when
    intubating an infant or small child?
A
90
Q
  1. What is the narrowest portion of an infant’s airway versus an adult airway?
A
91
Q
  1. What is the correct size of an uncuffed endotracheal tube in infants and
    children?
A
92
Q
  1. Can cuffed endotracheal tubes be safely used in infants and children? What
    if nitrous oxide is used during the anesthetic?
A
93
Q
  1. What are the dangers of an endotracheal tube that is too large for infants and
    children?
A
94
Q
  1. Contrast proper head and neck positioning of an adult with that of an infant during
    direct laryngoscopy.
A
95
Q
  1. What is different about an infant’s nares compared to an adult’s? Why is this
    important?
A
96
Q
  1. Why is a history of snoring important in infants and children?
A
97
Q
  1. What is the dose of oral midazolam for infants or children? What is the maximum
    oral dose? What if the child is uncooperative with taking oral midazolam?
A
98
Q
  1. What is the dose of oral midazolam for infants or children? What is the maximum
    oral dose? What if the child is uncooperative with taking oral midazolam?
A
99
Q
  1. Describe an inhaled induction in a child. When should the nitrous oxide be
    discontinued?
A
100
Q
  1. Describe maneuvers to overcome airway obstruction during mask induction in
    infants and children.
A
101
Q
  1. What determines the appropriate size of an LMA for use in infants and
    children?
A
102
Q
  1. What is the LMA Flexible? What advantages does it offer?
A
103
Q
  1. What advantage does the Air-Q intubating laryngeal airway (ILA) have over an
    LMA?
A
104
Q
  1. What formula is often used to estimate the appropriate-sized endotracheal tubes
    for infants and children?
A
105
Q
  1. Is the formula used to estimate the appropriate-sized endotracheal tube for
    infants and children applicable for cuffed or uncuffed endotracheal tubes?
A
106
Q
  1. How is the formula used to estimate the appropriate-sized endotracheal tubes for
    infants and children adapted for cuffed endotracheal tubes?
A
107
Q
  1. What three advantages do Microcuff endotracheal tubes have over conventional
    pediatric cuffed endotracheal tubes?
A
108
Q
  1. Are stylets useful in intubating infants and children?
A
109
Q
  1. What is the disadvantage of a straight laryngoscope blade compared to a curved
    blade?
A
110
Q
  1. Describe the most useful sizes of laryngoscope blades according to age.
A
111
Q
  1. What is the most important first step when an unexpected difficult airway occurs in
    pediatric patients?
A
112
Q
  1. Why should repeated attempts at direct laryngoscopy be avoided? What should be
    done instead?
A
113
Q
  1. Is an awake fiberoptic endotracheal intubation usually an option in managing an
    expected pediatric difficult airway?
A
114
Q
  1. What personnel and equipment should be in the operating room before induction
    of anesthesia in a pediatric patient with an expected difficult airway?
A
115
Q
  1. What airway devices are available in smaller sizes to facilitate intubation of a child
    with a difficult airway?
A
116
Q
  1. Why is tracheal extubation in infants and children riskier than that of adults?
A
117
Q
  1. When does postextubation croup most commonly occur? Why is this important?
A
118
Q
  1. What are the clinical manifestations of postextubation croup?
A
119
Q
  1. How is postextubation croup treated?
A
120
Q
  1. Why is obstructive sleep apnea especially important in infants and children?
A
121
Q
  1. How should opiate therapy be managed in an infant or child with obstructive
    sleep apnea?
A
122
Q
  1. Describe tracheal extubation and postoperative monitoring for infants and
    children with obstructive sleep apnea.
A
123
Q
  1. How should extubation after a difficult intubation be handled in infants and children?
A

4. Miller Review (21 decks)

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