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Principles II > airway A&P > Flashcards

airway A&P Flashcards

1
Q

what structures are included in the upper airway?

A
  • nose
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • hypopharynx (laryngopharynx sometimes just called larynx)
  • larynx
  • vocal cords
  • above cricoid
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2
Q

what structures are included in the lower airway?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • below cricoid
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3
Q

what are the 3 sections of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • hypopharynx
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4
Q

what is the location of the nasopharynx?

A
  • C1 level

- skull to soft palate

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5
Q

what is the location of the oropharynx?

A
  • C2-C3 level

- soft palate to epiglottis

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6
Q

what is the location of the hypopharynx?

A
  • C5-C6 level

- epiglottis to cricoid

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7
Q

where is the larynx located?

A
  • between levels C4, C5, C6

* usually higher in females

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8
Q

what makes up the larynx?

A

-9 cartilages (3 single and 3 paired)

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9
Q

describe the 3 single cartilages that are found in the larynx

A
  • thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple)
  • cricoid cartilage (forms a complete ring or signet ring; start of tracheal rings)
  • epiglottis (protects airway from aspiration
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10
Q

what level is the cricoid cartilage usually found?

A

C6

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11
Q

describe the 3 paired cartilages found in the larynx

A
  • corniculate cartilages (horn shaped)
  • cuneiform cartilages (wedge shaped)
  • arytenoid cartilages
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12
Q

what are the functions of the arytenoid cartilages?

A

attached to the abductor and adductor intrinsic muscles allowing anterior, posterior, and lateral vocal cord tissue movement

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13
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the larynx?

A
  • protection of the lower airway
  • facilitate respiration
  • facilitate phonation
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14
Q

what makes up the anterior and lateral border of the upper airway?

A

thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

what makes up the posterior border?

A

posterior cricoid cartilage

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16
Q

describe the epiglottis

A

single, leaf-like cartilage above the glottis opening; closes during swallowing

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17
Q

where is the vallecula located?

A

area between the tongue and epiglottis

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18
Q

what is the function of the intrinsic muscles?

A

vocal cord tension, opening, and closing

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19
Q

what is the function of the extrinsic muscles?

A
  • position
  • phonation
  • swallowing
20
Q

describe the hyoid bone

A
  • anchors and suspends larynx
  • U shaped
  • does not articulate with any other bone
  • indirectly attaches to the styloid processes of the temporal bone via stylohyoid ligament
  • indirectly attaches to the thyroid cartilage by the thyrohyoid membrane and muscle
  • attached to intrinsic tongue muscles and pharyngeal constrictors
21
Q

what are the laryngeal joints?

A
  • cricothyroid joint

- cricoarytenoid joint

22
Q

describe the cricothyroid joint and its function

A
  • synovial joint
  • articulation of inferior cornua of thyroid cartilage
  • anterior/posterior sliding
  • lengthens and tenses cords
  • controls pitch
23
Q

describe the cricoarytenoid joint and its function

A
  • articulation between the base of the arytenoid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
  • adducts and abducts the arytenoids while simultaneously rotating anterior and posterior
24
Q

what common disease can affect airway joints?

A

any joint disease or progressive disease (rheumatoid arthritis)

  • may present with raspy voice, hoarseness; joints may become inflamed and can narrow area between vocal cord ligaments leading to distress; changes airway anatomy
  • know to suspect if affected fingers are noticed
25
Q

what is the glottic opening?

A
  • glottis: opening/inlet to trachea

- triangle in shape

26
Q

what is the narrowest segment of the laryngeal opening in an adult?

A

glottis

27
Q

what are the landmarks for finding the glottis?

A
  • anterior landmark: vallecula

- posterior landmark: posterior aspect of arytenoid cartilage

28
Q

what are the false vocal cords?

A

vestibular folds which are narrow bands of fibrous tissue on each side of the glottis

29
Q

what are the true vocal cords?

A

pale, white ligament bands that attach to the thyroid anteriorly and the arytenoids posteriorly

30
Q

describe the trachea

A
  • C6, lower border of cricoid, to T5 carina
  • 10-15 cm in length
  • 16-20 horseshoe-shaped cartilage rings branching into the right and left bronchi at the 5th thoracic vertebra level
  • *flattened posteriorly (rings open posteriorly)
  • cross-section of the trachea is larger than the glottis opening
31
Q

describe the main bronchi in comparison to each other

A

-Rt main bronchus has less of an angle (25 degrees) than the left main bronchus (45 degrees)…..this is usually why tube will migrate to rt main bronchus

32
Q

what can shorten trachea?

A
  • in between each ring, soft collapsible ligaments

- trendelenburg may cause trachea to shorten

33
Q

what nerves innervate the airway structures for sensory?

A
  • 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • facial nerve
  • internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) (one of the two branches of the Vagus
34
Q

what nerve innervates upper airway for motor?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

35
Q

what does the RLN innervate?

A

*all muscles of larynx except the cricothyroid muscle

36
Q

what nerve innervate the cricothyroid?

A

-external branch of the SLN innervates cricothyroid muscle

37
Q

describe the pharyngeal reflex

A
  • posterior wall of pharynx is touched causing the gag reflex (suppression in Stage 3, age 1)
  • gag reflex
38
Q

describe laryngeal reflex

A
  • touching or irritating mucosa results in a cough reflex

- suppression in Stages 3, plane 2

39
Q

describe glottis closure reflex

A

-laryngeal closure, exaggeration of this is laryngospasm

40
Q

what is the innervation and function of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

A
  • opens (abducts) the glottis

- RLN

41
Q

what is the innervation and function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles?

A
  • closes the glottis (adducts)

- RLN

42
Q

what is the innervation and function of the arytenoid muscles?

A
  • closes (adducts) glottis, mainly posterior

- RLN

43
Q

what is the innervation and function of the cricothyroid muscle?

A
  • tension and elongation of cords (adducts)

- SLN (external branch)

44
Q

what is the innervation and function of the thyroarytenoid muscles?

A
  • relaxes/shortens vocal cords

- RLN

45
Q

describe the laryngeal arterial supply

A
  • branches of superior and inferior thyroid artery
  • close proximity to RLN, which may be damaged during thyroidectomy
  • superior laryngeal artery: internal surface of larynx
  • cricothyroid artery: cricothyroid muscle
  • inferior laryngeal artery: mucous membranes and laryngeal muscles
46
Q

describe the laryngeal venous supply

A

-superior and inferior laryngeal vein

Principles II (18 decks)

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