Airway Flashcards
Which of the following statements regarding normal gas exchange in the lungs is correct?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar walls and capillaries
Which of the following structures ins NOT found in the upper airway?
Bronchus
The leaf-shaped structure located superior to the larynx is called the:
Epiglottis
The ____ cartilage is a firm ring that forms the inferior part of the larynx
Cricoid
Structures of the lower airway include the following, except:
Epiglottis
The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the:
alveolar sacs
Which of the following structures is contained within the mediastinum?
Esophagus
The physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs is called:
Ventilation
Inhalation occurs when the:
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and cause a decrease in intrathoracic pressure
The diaphragm functions as an involuntary muscle when a person
sleeps
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is ____mm Hg, while the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is ______ mm Hg.
104, 40
Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:
moves into or out of the lungs in a single breath
What is the minute volume of a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute?
5,600 mL
Which of the following factors will cause a decreased minute volume in an adult?
Shallow breathing
In contrast to inhalation, exhalation:
is a passive process caused by increased intrathoracic pressure.
Hypoxia is MOST accurately defined as:
inadequate oxygen to the tissues and cells
The hypoxic drive is influenced by:
low blood oxygen levels
Which of the following is a late sign of hypoxia?
cyanosis
Which of the following statements regarding oxygenation and ventilation is correct?
In mines or confined places, where oxygen levels are low, ventilation may continue despite adequate oxygenation
Each cell of the body combines nutrients and oxygen and produces energy and waste products through a process called:
metabolism
The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood of the capillaries is called:
external respiration
Gas exchange in the lungs is facilitated by:
adequate amounts of surfactant
In the presence of oxygen, the mitochondria of the cells convert glucose into energy through a process called
aerobic metabolism
Without adequate oxygen, the body’s cells:
incompletely convert glucose into energy and lactic acid accumulates in the blood
The primary waste product of aerobic metabolism is:
Carbon dioxide
Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla provide feedback to increase the rate and depth of breathing when they sense:
slight elevations in carbon dioxide or a decrease in the pH of the CSF
A ventilation/perfusion mismatch occurs when:
a disruption in blood flow inhibits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, even though the alveoli are filled with fresh oxygen
If ventilation is impaired, carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream will increase. This condition is called:
Hypercarbia
Intrapulmonary shunting occurs when:
Blood coming from the right side of the heart bypasses nonfunctional alveoli and returns to the left side of the heart in an unoxygenated state.
An adult at rest should have a respiratory rate that ranges between:
12 and 20 breaths/min