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Airway > Airway > Flashcards

Airway Flashcards

1
Q

Lower airway structures

A

Trachea
Bronchial tree
Alveoli
Lungs

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2
Q

Depression just behind the root of the tongue and between the folds of the throat. Identifies where curved blade of laryngoscope is placed

A

Vallecula

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3
Q

The laryngopharynx, also known as the _____, extends from the top of the epiglottis to the glottis and esophagus

A

Hypopharynx

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4
Q

The largest and most superior of the cartilage in the larynx. AKA Adam’s apple

A

Thyroid cartilage

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5
Q

Most inferior cartilage of the larynx. Only complete ring of cartilage

A

Cricoid cartilage

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6
Q

The third unpaired cartilage in the larynx

A

Epiglottis

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7
Q

The trachea is composed of _____ incomplete cartilaginous rings

A

16 to 20

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8
Q

Thin film produced by the alveolar cells that prevent the alveoli from collapsing

A

Surfactant

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9
Q

Contents of the mediastinum

A 
Heart 
Blood vessels
Trachea
Esophagus
Lymphatic tissue
Vessels
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10
Q

The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2. The left lung has ___ lobules and the right has ____

A

9, 10

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11
Q

The mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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12
Q

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment

A

Respiration

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13
Q

The ____ phrenic nerve passes over the brachiocephalic artery, posterior to the subclavian vein, and then crosses the root of the right lung anteriorly

A

Right

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14
Q

The ____ phrenic nerve passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle and enters the diaphragm separately

A

Left

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15
Q

The phrenic nerve originates from the spinal cord between cervical nerves ___ and ____

A

C3, C5

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16
Q

The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the inspired air and pulmonary capillaries

A

External respiration

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17
Q

Transfer of oxygen and CO2 between the capillary red blood cells and the tissue cells

A

Internal respiration

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18
Q

Atmospheric pressure at sea level

A

760 mm Hg

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19
Q

Pressure of gas in the alveoli. This pressure varies depending on the size of the thorax

A

Intrapulmonic pressure

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20
Q

Pressure within the pleural space. Usually less than the atmospheric pressure at about 751 to 754 mm Hg

A

Intrathoracic pressure

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21
Q

____ law states that as a pressure of a gas decreases, its volume expands

A

Boyle’s

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22
Q

In people who are healthy, the energy needed for normal, quiet breathing is about ___% of the total body expenditure

A

3

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23
Q

Collapse of all or part of a lung is known as ____

A

Atelectasis

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24
Q

The mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea account for approximately ____% to ___% of airway resistance during quiet breathing

A

20, 30

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25
Q

The fifth of air that never reaches alveoli for gas exchange is known as the _____. This plus the volume of any nonfunctional alveoli is the physiological dead space

A

Anatomical dead space

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26
Q

Volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath

A

Tidal volume

27
Q

The amount of gas that can be forcefully inhaled after inspiration of the normal tidal volume

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

28
Q

Amount of gas that can be forcefully exhaled after expiration of the normal tidal volume

A

Expiratory reserve volume

29
Q

The gas that remains in the respiratory system after forced expiration. Normally 1000 to 1200 mL

A

Residual volume

30
Q

The amount of gas a person can inspire maximally after a normal breath. Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

A

Inspiratory capacity

31
Q

The amount of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

A

Functional residual capacity

32
Q

The volume of gas that can move on deepest inspiration and expiration. Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume. ( about 4600 mL)

A

Vital capacity

33
Q

Amount of gas inhaled or exhaled in 1 minute

A

Minute volume

34
Q

The blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries is separated from the alveolar air by a thin layer of tissue known as the _____

A

Respiratory membrane

35
Q

Oxygen is present in the blood in these two forms

A

Physically dissolved in blood

Chemically bound to hemoglobin

36
Q

Only .3 mL of O2 can be dissolved in ____ mL of blood at the normal alveolar and arterial PO2 of 100 mm HG

A

100

37
Q

When fully converted to oxyhemoglobin, each hemoglobin can carry __ molecules of oxygen

A

4

38
Q

About 90% of the total hemoglobin is combined with oxygen when the PO2 is ____ mm Hg

A

60

39
Q

Venous blood entering the lungs has a PO2 of __ mm Hg and hemoglobin saturation of 75%

A

40

40
Q

CO2 is transported in blood in three forms and in these percentages

A

8% plasma
20% blood proteins
72% in the form of bicarbonate ions

41
Q

The response of hemoglobin to changes in pH is called the ____

A

Bohr effect

42
Q

Structures of the upper airway

A 
Nasopharynx
Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid sinuses
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
43
Q

The amount of oxygen the lungs deliver to the blood is directly related to the amount of oxygen the body consumes. This principle is known as the ____

A

Fick principle

44
Q

State of decreased oxygen within arterial blood

A

Hypoxemia

45
Q

A reflex in which afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the lungs arrest inspiration; expiration then occurs; inflation and deflation reflexes are triggered to prevent over inflation of the lungs

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

46
Q

When the stretch receptors are stimulated by expansion of the lungs, information is communicated by the ___ nerve to the medulla

A

Vagus

47
Q

The pneumotaxic center is located in the ____ above the respiratory center in the medulla

A

Pons

48
Q

Group of neurons in the pons that has a stimulatory effect on the respiratory center

A

Apneustic center

49
Q

The major factor that controls respiration

A

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

50
Q

Chemoreceptors monitor the arterial PO2 and are located in the ____

A

Medulla

51
Q

True or false; lowered barometric pressure affects the body’s ability to eliminate CO2

A

False

52
Q

During coughing, the muscles of the thorax contract forcibly and cause in increase in intrapulmonic pressure. The pressure change in the lungs increases to about ____ mm Hg

A

100

53
Q

How is laryngeal spasm best managed?

A

Aggressive ventilation and a forceful upward pull on the jaw

54
Q

A high airflow oxygen entertainment delivery device that delivers a precise fraction of inspired O2 (FiO2)

A

Venturi mask

55
Q

If CPAP is used, start with low pressures ( 5 t 7.5 cm h2o) and increase in increments of ___ cm as tolerated by the patient

A

2

56
Q

Airway support that combines partial ventilatory support and continuous positive airway pressure; it allows the pressure to vary during each breath cycle

A

BiPAP

57
Q

Airway support that maintains a degree of positive pressure at the end of exhalation

A

PEEP

58
Q

For patients with a stoma, suction catheters should not be inserted more than ____cm (3-5 in.) into the trachea

A

7-12

59
Q

Respiratory pattern involving irregular respirators varying in depth and interrupted by intervals of apnea

A

Biot pattern

60
Q

A type of cluster or irregular breathing pattern characterized by a series of inspirations and expirations. Usually associated with a structural or compressive lesion in the medullary respiratory centers

A

Ataxic pattern

61
Q

Regular, periodic pattern of breathing with equal intervals of apnea followed by a crescendo-decrescendo sequence of respirations

A

Cheyne-stokes respiration

62
Q

Automatic transport ventilator- depending on the model, the exit valve of the control module is connected by one or two tubes to the patient valve assembly to deliver selected tidal volumes _____ to ____ mL for adults and _____ to ______ for children

A

400, 1200

200, 600

63
Q

Most ATV are not to be used in children under ____ years of age

A

5

Airway (1 decks)

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