Airway

Question 1

Lower airway structures

Answer 1

Trachea
Bronchial tree
Alveoli
Lungs

Question 2

Depression just behind the root of the tongue and between the folds of the throat. Identifies where curved blade of laryngoscope is placed

Answer 2

Vallecula

Question 3

The laryngopharynx, also known as the _____, extends from the top of the epiglottis to the glottis and esophagus

Answer 3

Hypopharynx

Question 4

The largest and most superior of the cartilage in the larynx. AKA Adam’s apple

Answer 4

Thyroid cartilage

Question 5

Most inferior cartilage of the larynx. Only complete ring of cartilage

Answer 5

Cricoid cartilage

Question 6

The third unpaired cartilage in the larynx

Answer 6

Epiglottis

Question 7

The trachea is composed of _____ incomplete cartilaginous rings

Answer 7

16 to 20

Question 8

Thin film produced by the alveolar cells that prevent the alveoli from collapsing

Answer 8

Surfactant

Question 9

Contents of the mediastinum

Answer 9

Heart 
Blood vessels
Trachea
Esophagus
Lymphatic tissue
Vessels

Question 10

The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2. The left lung has ___ lobules and the right has ____

Answer 10

9, 10

Question 11

The mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs

Answer 11

Ventilation

Question 12

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment

Answer 12

Respiration

Question 13

The ____ phrenic nerve passes over the brachiocephalic artery, posterior to the subclavian vein, and then crosses the root of the right lung anteriorly

Answer 13

Right

Question 14

The ____ phrenic nerve passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle and enters the diaphragm separately

Answer 14

Left

Question 15

The phrenic nerve originates from the spinal cord between cervical nerves ___ and ____

Answer 15

C3, C5

Question 16

The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the inspired air and pulmonary capillaries

Answer 16

External respiration

Question 17

Transfer of oxygen and CO2 between the capillary red blood cells and the tissue cells

Answer 17

Internal respiration

Question 18

Atmospheric pressure at sea level

Answer 18

760 mm Hg

Question 19

Pressure of gas in the alveoli. This pressure varies depending on the size of the thorax

Answer 19

Intrapulmonic pressure

Question 20

Pressure within the pleural space. Usually less than the atmospheric pressure at about 751 to 754 mm Hg

Answer 20

Intrathoracic pressure

Question 21

____ law states that as a pressure of a gas decreases, its volume expands

Answer 21

Boyle’s

Question 22

In people who are healthy, the energy needed for normal, quiet breathing is about ___% of the total body expenditure

Answer 22

3

Question 23

Collapse of all or part of a lung is known as ____

Answer 23

Atelectasis

Question 24

The mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea account for approximately ____% to ___% of airway resistance during quiet breathing

Answer 24

20, 30

Question 25

The fifth of air that never reaches alveoli for gas exchange is known as the _____. This plus the volume of any nonfunctional alveoli is the physiological dead space

Answer 25

Anatomical dead space

Question 26

Volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath

Answer 26

Tidal volume

Question 27

The amount of gas that can be forcefully inhaled after inspiration of the normal tidal volume

Answer 27

Inspiratory reserve volume

Question 28

Amount of gas that can be forcefully exhaled after expiration of the normal tidal volume

Answer 28

Expiratory reserve volume

Question 29

The gas that remains in the respiratory system after forced expiration. Normally 1000 to 1200 mL

Answer 29

Residual volume

Question 30

The amount of gas a person can inspire maximally after a normal breath. Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 30

Inspiratory capacity

Question 31

The amount of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Answer 31

Functional residual capacity

Question 32

The volume of gas that can move on deepest inspiration and expiration. Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume. ( about 4600 mL)

Answer 32

Vital capacity

Question 33

Amount of gas inhaled or exhaled in 1 minute

Answer 33

Minute volume

Question 34

The blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries is separated from the alveolar air by a thin layer of tissue known as the _____

Answer 34

Respiratory membrane

Question 35

Oxygen is present in the blood in these two forms

Answer 35

Physically dissolved in blood | Chemically bound to hemoglobin

Question 36

Only .3 mL of O2 can be dissolved in ____ mL of blood at the normal alveolar and arterial PO2 of 100 mm HG

Answer 36

100

Question 37

When fully converted to oxyhemoglobin, each hemoglobin can carry __ molecules of oxygen

Answer 37

4

Question 38

About 90% of the total hemoglobin is combined with oxygen when the PO2 is ____ mm Hg

Answer 38

60

Question 39

Venous blood entering the lungs has a PO2 of __ mm Hg and hemoglobin saturation of 75%

Answer 39

40

Question 40

CO2 is transported in blood in three forms and in these percentages

Answer 40

8% plasma 20% blood proteins 72% in the form of bicarbonate ions

Question 41

The response of hemoglobin to changes in pH is called the ____

Answer 41

Bohr effect

Question 42

Structures of the upper airway

Answer 42

``` Nasopharynx Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid sinuses Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx ```

Question 43

The amount of oxygen the lungs deliver to the blood is directly related to the amount of oxygen the body consumes. This principle is known as the ____

Answer 43

Fick principle

Question 44

State of decreased oxygen within arterial blood

Answer 44

Hypoxemia

Question 45

A reflex in which afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the lungs arrest inspiration; expiration then occurs; inflation and deflation reflexes are triggered to prevent over inflation of the lungs

Answer 45

Hering-Breuer reflex

Question 46

When the stretch receptors are stimulated by expansion of the lungs, information is communicated by the ___ nerve to the medulla

Answer 46

Vagus

Question 47

The pneumotaxic center is located in the ____ above the respiratory center in the medulla

Answer 47

Pons

Question 48

Group of neurons in the pons that has a stimulatory effect on the respiratory center

Answer 48

Apneustic center

Question 49

The major factor that controls respiration

Answer 49

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 50

Chemoreceptors monitor the arterial PO2 and are located in the ____

Answer 50

Medulla

Question 51

True or false; lowered barometric pressure affects the body's ability to eliminate CO2

Answer 51

False

Question 52

During coughing, the muscles of the thorax contract forcibly and cause in increase in intrapulmonic pressure. The pressure change in the lungs increases to about ____ mm Hg

Answer 52

100

Question 53

How is laryngeal spasm best managed?

Answer 53

Aggressive ventilation and a forceful upward pull on the jaw

Question 54

A high airflow oxygen entertainment delivery device that delivers a precise fraction of inspired O2 (FiO2)

Answer 54

Venturi mask

Question 55

If CPAP is used, start with low pressures ( 5 t 7.5 cm h2o) and increase in increments of ___ cm as tolerated by the patient

Answer 55

2

Question 56

Airway support that combines partial ventilatory support and continuous positive airway pressure; it allows the pressure to vary during each breath cycle

Answer 56

BiPAP

Question 57

Airway support that maintains a degree of positive pressure at the end of exhalation

Answer 57

PEEP

Question 58

For patients with a stoma, suction catheters should not be inserted more than ____cm (3-5 in.) into the trachea

Answer 58

7-12

Question 59

Respiratory pattern involving irregular respirators varying in depth and interrupted by intervals of apnea

Answer 59

Biot pattern

Question 60

A type of cluster or irregular breathing pattern characterized by a series of inspirations and expirations. Usually associated with a structural or compressive lesion in the medullary respiratory centers

Answer 60

Ataxic pattern

Question 61

Regular, periodic pattern of breathing with equal intervals of apnea followed by a crescendo-decrescendo sequence of respirations

Answer 61

Cheyne-stokes respiration

Question 62

Automatic transport ventilator- depending on the model, the exit valve of the control module is connected by one or two tubes to the patient valve assembly to deliver selected tidal volumes _____ to ____ mL for adults and _____ to ______ for children

Answer 62

400, 1200 | 200, 600

Question 63

Most ATV are not to be used in children under ____ years of age

Answer 63

5