Airway Flashcards
Lower airway structures
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Alveoli
Lungs
Depression just behind the root of the tongue and between the folds of the throat. Identifies where curved blade of laryngoscope is placed
Vallecula
The laryngopharynx, also known as the _____, extends from the top of the epiglottis to the glottis and esophagus
Hypopharynx
The largest and most superior of the cartilage in the larynx. AKA Adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
Most inferior cartilage of the larynx. Only complete ring of cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
The third unpaired cartilage in the larynx
Epiglottis
The trachea is composed of _____ incomplete cartilaginous rings
16 to 20
Thin film produced by the alveolar cells that prevent the alveoli from collapsing
Surfactant
Contents of the mediastinum
Heart Blood vessels Trachea Esophagus Lymphatic tissue Vessels
The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2. The left lung has ___ lobules and the right has ____
9, 10
The mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs
Ventilation
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment
Respiration
The ____ phrenic nerve passes over the brachiocephalic artery, posterior to the subclavian vein, and then crosses the root of the right lung anteriorly
Right
The ____ phrenic nerve passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle and enters the diaphragm separately
Left
The phrenic nerve originates from the spinal cord between cervical nerves ___ and ____
C3, C5
The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the inspired air and pulmonary capillaries
External respiration
Transfer of oxygen and CO2 between the capillary red blood cells and the tissue cells
Internal respiration
Atmospheric pressure at sea level
760 mm Hg
Pressure of gas in the alveoli. This pressure varies depending on the size of the thorax
Intrapulmonic pressure
Pressure within the pleural space. Usually less than the atmospheric pressure at about 751 to 754 mm Hg
Intrathoracic pressure
____ law states that as a pressure of a gas decreases, its volume expands
Boyle’s
In people who are healthy, the energy needed for normal, quiet breathing is about ___% of the total body expenditure
3
Collapse of all or part of a lung is known as ____
Atelectasis
The mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea account for approximately ____% to ___% of airway resistance during quiet breathing
20, 30
The fifth of air that never reaches alveoli for gas exchange is known as the _____. This plus the volume of any nonfunctional alveoli is the physiological dead space
Anatomical dead space
Volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath
Tidal volume
The amount of gas that can be forcefully inhaled after inspiration of the normal tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of gas that can be forcefully exhaled after expiration of the normal tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
The gas that remains in the respiratory system after forced expiration. Normally 1000 to 1200 mL
Residual volume
The amount of gas a person can inspire maximally after a normal breath. Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory capacity
The amount of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
Functional residual capacity
The volume of gas that can move on deepest inspiration and expiration. Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume. ( about 4600 mL)
Vital capacity
Amount of gas inhaled or exhaled in 1 minute
Minute volume
The blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries is separated from the alveolar air by a thin layer of tissue known as the _____
Respiratory membrane
Oxygen is present in the blood in these two forms
Physically dissolved in blood
Chemically bound to hemoglobin
Only .3 mL of O2 can be dissolved in ____ mL of blood at the normal alveolar and arterial PO2 of 100 mm HG
100
When fully converted to oxyhemoglobin, each hemoglobin can carry __ molecules of oxygen
4
About 90% of the total hemoglobin is combined with oxygen when the PO2 is ____ mm Hg
60
Venous blood entering the lungs has a PO2 of __ mm Hg and hemoglobin saturation of 75%
40
CO2 is transported in blood in three forms and in these percentages
8% plasma
20% blood proteins
72% in the form of bicarbonate ions
The response of hemoglobin to changes in pH is called the ____
Bohr effect
Structures of the upper airway
Nasopharynx Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid sinuses Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx
The amount of oxygen the lungs deliver to the blood is directly related to the amount of oxygen the body consumes. This principle is known as the ____
Fick principle
State of decreased oxygen within arterial blood
Hypoxemia
A reflex in which afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the lungs arrest inspiration; expiration then occurs; inflation and deflation reflexes are triggered to prevent over inflation of the lungs
Hering-Breuer reflex
When the stretch receptors are stimulated by expansion of the lungs, information is communicated by the ___ nerve to the medulla
Vagus
The pneumotaxic center is located in the ____ above the respiratory center in the medulla
Pons
Group of neurons in the pons that has a stimulatory effect on the respiratory center
Apneustic center
The major factor that controls respiration
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Chemoreceptors monitor the arterial PO2 and are located in the ____
Medulla
True or false; lowered barometric pressure affects the body’s ability to eliminate CO2
False
During coughing, the muscles of the thorax contract forcibly and cause in increase in intrapulmonic pressure. The pressure change in the lungs increases to about ____ mm Hg
100
How is laryngeal spasm best managed?
Aggressive ventilation and a forceful upward pull on the jaw
A high airflow oxygen entertainment delivery device that delivers a precise fraction of inspired O2 (FiO2)
Venturi mask
If CPAP is used, start with low pressures ( 5 t 7.5 cm h2o) and increase in increments of ___ cm as tolerated by the patient
2
Airway support that combines partial ventilatory support and continuous positive airway pressure; it allows the pressure to vary during each breath cycle
BiPAP
Airway support that maintains a degree of positive pressure at the end of exhalation
PEEP
For patients with a stoma, suction catheters should not be inserted more than ____cm (3-5 in.) into the trachea
7-12
Respiratory pattern involving irregular respirators varying in depth and interrupted by intervals of apnea
Biot pattern
A type of cluster or irregular breathing pattern characterized by a series of inspirations and expirations. Usually associated with a structural or compressive lesion in the medullary respiratory centers
Ataxic pattern
Regular, periodic pattern of breathing with equal intervals of apnea followed by a crescendo-decrescendo sequence of respirations
Cheyne-stokes respiration
Automatic transport ventilator- depending on the model, the exit valve of the control module is connected by one or two tubes to the patient valve assembly to deliver selected tidal volumes _____ to ____ mL for adults and _____ to ______ for children
400, 1200
200, 600
Most ATV are not to be used in children under ____ years of age
5
