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Airport Planning, Cnstrctn, Environ. > Airport Noise & Land Use Cmptblty > Flashcards

Airport Noise & Land Use Cmptblty Flashcards

0
Q

Noise broadly represents a ___________ and __________ problem, while continuing to be an important __________ constraint to airport development.

A

technical / political / environmental

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1
Q

The issues of _________ _________ and associated ________ ________ __________, in conjunction with air service development, are some of the most ___________ and emotional an airport manager will face.

A

aircraft noise / land use compatibility / challenging

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2
Q

What was the catalyst to public awareness and response to noise in the US?

A

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969

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3
Q

Regarding noise, what does NEPA require be accomplished?

A

Among a variety of environmental issues, NEPA requires an assessment of noise effects for airports undertaking major projects.

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4
Q

What may be required as a result of a NEPA Environmental Assessment?

A

An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) may be required.

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5
Q

What does an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) accomplish?

A

An EIS:

  • Identifies a project’s effect on noise levels in adjacent areas
  • Determines the effect of the anticipated noise levels
  • Identifies a program of mitigation
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6
Q
  1. What was accomplished by the Aviation Noise Abatement Policy (ANAP) Act?
  2. When and by whom was the policy developed?
A
  1. Clarified NEPA by quantifying the responsibilities of communities, airport operators, air carriers, and the FAA in dealing with noise.
  2. 1976, by the Sec’y of Transportation (DOT) and the FAA.
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7
Q
  1. Under ANAP, where does the primary obligation for dealing with airport noise problems rest?
  2. What resulted?
A
  1. Locally, with the airport obligated to accept blame.

2. Increased lawsuits.

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8
Q

Why have the courts upheld airports as liable for noise?

A

Airport sponsors and airports have the ability to manage noise.

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9
Q

In what ways can airport noise be managed?

A
  1. Operational Restrictions
  2. Airport
    • Location
    • Orientation
    • Size
  3. Mitigation Programs
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10
Q

What is the purpose of Part 36?

A

Originating in 1969, Part 36 established noise certification standards for turbojet and air transport category aircraft.

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11
Q
  1. Which act drove the vast majority of noise abatement planning at airports?
  2. Name the Part of the FARs that resulted.
A
  1. Airport Safety and Noise Abatement Act (ASNA) of 1979

2. Part 150 - Airport Land Use Compatibility Planning

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12
Q

What were the three goals of the Airport Noise and Capacity Act of 1990?

A
  1. Phase out of noisier aircraft (Stage 2 over 75000 lbs MTOW)
  2. Limit restrictions that can be instituted by airport
  3. Establish non-restrictive noise abatement and land use actions
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13
Q

What was the goal of the Airport and Airway Safety, Capacity, Noise Improvement, and Intermodal Transportation Act of 1992?

A

The FAA was required to study noise at the 65, 60, and 55 dB using DNLs and single 65 dB events to determine population impacts.

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14
Q
  1. Why has 65 dB been chosen as the basis for study and the acceptable noise contour?
  2. What does the FAA recommend for the 75 dB contour?
A
  1. 65 dB is a good balance between public health, economic, and technological considerations.
  2. Airports should own all land at the 75dB contour and above.
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15
Q

What differentiates the “A” and “C” weighted dB scales? The

A

dBA scale represents human hearing, whereas dBC is used to measure industrial impacts that may include rumbling that has frequencies too low to be heard.

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16
Q

What is noise and why is it difficult to quantify?

A

Unwanted sound is very subjective.

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17
Q

dBA Perception

  1. What is the lowest perceptible dBA level?
  2. How many dBA double perceived sound?
A
  1. 3 dBA

2. 10 dBA, as the scale is logarithmic.

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18
Q
  1. What is the range of the decibal scale?
A
  1. 0 - 130 dB
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19
Q
  1. What does DNL stand for?

2. How is DNL primarily used?

A
  1. Day - Night average Level (DNL)

2. Yearly DNL is the standard used for forecasting cumulative noise exposure in Part 150 studies.

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20
Q

How is DNL incorporated into a Part 150 study?

A

Integrated Noise Model (INM) - Used as the standard airport noise prediction model.

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21
Q
  1. What are some uses of the INM?

2. What is the output of INM?

A
  1. Used in assessing changes to:
    • airport configuration
    • traffic demand
    • fleet mix
    • airspace modifications
    • flight profiles
  2. Noise Contours
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22
Q

What two systems are used to evaluate broader, higher altitude noise impacts?

A
  1. Noise Integrated Routing System (NIRS) - optimizes flt tracks
  2. Air Traffic Noise Screening (ATNS)
    • determines if flt track changes likely to be controversial
    • done by analyzing tracks between 3 & 10K for 5dB changes
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23
Q

What does Part 150 accomplish?

A

Guides airports in preparation of Noise Exposure Maps (NEM) and Noise Compatibility Programs (NCP) for development of noise abatement actions.

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24
Q
  1. Once accepted by the FAA, NEMs become the “official” _______ _________ maps of the airport.
  2. These maps are primarily for what two uses?
A
  1. Noise Contour
  2. a. compatible land use planning
    b. alerting prospective local residents to airport noise levels
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25
Q

What two things is a Noise Exposure Map (NEM) designed to do?

A
  1. Identify an airport’s present and future noise patterns and incompatible land uses.
  2. Serves as the standard reference for noise sensitive developments near the airport.
26
Q

As a component of a Part 150 Noise Study, the Noise Exposure Map (NEM) identifies noise contours for what two times?

A

Currently, and five years whence.

27
Q

The 65dBA contour shown on a NEM is determined through use of Part 150 required _________ averaged over one year and ________.

A

DNL / INM

28
Q

As a component of a Part 150 Noise Study, the Noise Exposure Map (NEM) identifies noise contours for what two times?

A

Currently, and five years whence.

29
Q

The 65dBA contour shown on a NEM is determined through use of Part 150 required _________ averaged over one year and ________.

A

DNL / INM

30
Q

What are the legal vulnerabilities of NEMs and related products?

A

ASNA prohibited the use of NEM derived data in lawsuits or actions seeking damages following FAA acceptance.

Unfortunately, some legal precedent has been set by courts in allowing NEM data to be entered into evidence if being reviewed by the FAA prior to acceptance.

31
Q

What is considered a significant change to an approved NEM at the 65dB level?

A

1.5 dB above the 65 DNL level.

32
Q

dB Energy Levels

  1. What dB increase is required to double energy levels?
  2. Provide example, if one truck produces 50dB of energy, what about two or four?
A
  1. 3dB = 2 x energy level, so logarithmic at 3dB.
  2. Two trucks = 53 dB and four = 56dB. Yet, even four trucks do not double perceived dBA loudness since that requires 10dB.
33
Q
  1. How are provisions for noise abatement under an approved noise compatibility plan (NCP) paid for?
  2. Where are items deemed eligible for funding defined?
A
  1. Noise set-asides of the Airport and Airway Improvement Program (AAIP).
  2. FAA Order 5100.38, Airport Improvement Program Handbook
34
Q

Provide some examples of NCP items approved under AIP Handbook guidance.

A
  • sound-proofing
  • property in fee
  • easement acquisition
  • Rwy / Twy extension
  • new Rwy / Twy

Note: Funding priority given to projects in 75 DNL or higher areas.

35
Q

Though voluntary, Part 150 studies are appropriate in what four circumstances?

A
  1. Incompatible Land - Significant incompatible land due to noise
  2. Noise Complaints - Receipt of serious noise complaints
  3. Urban Expansion - Potential increase of incompatible land
  4. Noise Pattern Changes - Major changes to airport facilities or ops that shift or increase noise patterns
36
Q

FAA Part 150 approval rests primarily on what four requirements?

A
  1. FAA Review Process - Ensure proper balance between FAA Regional (local knowledge) and National (consistency) oversight.
  2. Required NCP Criteria Met
    a. must not derogate safety
    b. maintains safe and efficient use of airspace
    c. meets both local and national air transportation needs
    d. no adverse effect on other FAA powers and responsibilities
  3. Fair and objective
  4. Mitigates present and future non-compatible land use
37
Q

A Part 150 Plan must contain what nine items?

A
  1. NEM and supporting documentation
  2. Parties responsible for implementation
  3. NCP Development
  4. Effects of Plan; actual or anticipated
  5. Changes from previously adopted action
  6. Schedule of Implementation
  7. Costs and Funding Sources
  8. Revision provisions
  9. Public participation and consultative process, all feedback, responses, and their disposition. All must show Plan is feasible and reasonably consistent with obtaining the objectives of airport noise compatibility planning.
38
Q

Each Part 150 Compatibility Program is developed _________. In the review process, the FAA does not __________ it’s judgment for that of the airport operator with respect to which measures are recommended.

A

locally / substitute

39
Q

Any Part 150 noise compatibility measure must meet what five objectives?

A
  1. Non-compatible land use reduction
  2. No derogation of safety or airspace efficiency
  3. No unjust airport user discrimination
  4. No undue burden on interstate or foreign commerce
  5. No adverse affect on FAA powers and responsibilities.
40
Q

Common Part 150 Noise Compatibility measures include:

A
  • Land Acquisition and Interests
  • Soundproofing
  • Preferential Rwy Use System
  • Noise Barriers
  • Airport Development Measures
  • Airport Use Restrictions
  • Engine Runup and Grnd Ops Provisions
  • Flight Procedures
  • Off-Airport Land Use
  • Noise Monitoring
  • Administrative Measures and Studies
  • Navigational Aids
41
Q
  1. Describe an aviation easement.

2. When is it used?

A
  1. An aviation easement renders a property compatible because the owner has granted the airport a legal right to allow noisy aircraft over the property.
  2. Used in conjunction with, or as a supplement to, soundproofing.
42
Q
  1. Federal funding for Residential Sound Insulation Programs (RSIP) is limited to non-compatible residences that fall within the __________ contour.
  2. The FAA caps federal funding at _______.
A
  1. 65DNL
  2. 80%

Note: Residences built after Oct. 31, 1998 are not eligible for RSIP funding.

43
Q
  1. What method is consistently used by the FAA to fairly determine sound insulation eligibility for homes at the boundary of the 65DNL contour?
  2. Name the other two available methods.
A
  1. Block Rounding - All homes eligible on a block touched by the 65DNL contour
  2. Neighborhood Equity and Physical Boundary
44
Q
  1. Homes built after what date are not eligible for sound insulation under Noise Mgmt Programs?
  2. For what reason?
A
  1. Oct. 31, 1998

2. Local zoning “should” take the 65DNL contour into account for construction requirements.

45
Q

An airport using federal funds for relocations and land acquisition is governed by what reg and act?

A

49 CFR, Part 24 - Uniform Relocation and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act

Fair Market Value and possibly Relocation Benefits, etc. are due affected property holders

46
Q

What are the goals of a sound attenuation program?

A
  • Reduce residential interior noise levels to 50 dB for homes within the 65 DNL contour
  • For non-compatible public buildings, an avg internal sound level of 45 dB is the goal, with 55 being the max.
  • Overall reductions of 30 - 35 dB are desired
47
Q

What three broad factors are considered in designating preferential runways?

A
  1. Environmental
  2. Airspace Efficiencies
  3. Non-discriminatory
48
Q

What are the three factors the FAA considers in designating noise abatement flight procedures?

A
  1. Aircraft physical capabilities
  2. Safety of the maneuver
  3. Efficiency
49
Q
  1. Federal funding for Sound Insulation Programs is limited to non-compatible residences that fall within the __________ contour.
  2. The FAA caps federal funding at _______.
A
  1. 65DNL

2. 80%

50
Q

What method is consistently used by the FAA to fairly determine sound insulation eligibility for homes at the boundary of the 65DNL contour?

A

Block Rounding - All homes eligible on a block touched by the 65DNL contour

51
Q
  1. Homes built after what date are not eligible for sound insulation under Noise Mgmt Programs?
  2. For what reason?
A
  1. Oct. 31, 1998

2. Local zoning “should” take the 65DNL contour into account for construction requirements.

52
Q

What actions can an airport implement unilaterally with generally only an explanation of how it relates to the airport’s Part 150 study?

A
  1. Location of engine run-up
  2. Times when Mntce run-ups can be done
  3. Landing fees based on noise characteristics and/or time of day
53
Q

What are some of the advantages of initiating a Part 150 study?

A

Provides a framework of consultation and cooperation among all interested parties. Parties include:

  • Airport
  • Regulators
  • GA, Corporate, Airlines
  • General Public
54
Q

What are the disadvantages of a Part 150 study?

A

Part 150 studies can ignite community controversy, possibly without resolving any problems.

55
Q

What Act did Part 161 stem from?

A

Part 161 stems front the Airport Noise and Compatibility Act of 1991.

56
Q

Name three cautions that are related to Part 161 studies.

A
  1. Must be cautious about running afoul of grant assurances
  2. Very difficult to lower stds below 65 DNL
  3. All non-restrictive actions must have been exhausted
57
Q

What is the intent of Part 161?

A

Part 161 requires airports seeking to impose noise rules to comprehensively study their impact, along with a cost / benefit analysis.

58
Q

What cost benefit must be shown before a proposed restriction is adopted under Part 161?

A

The restriction must be more cost effective than alternative restrictions or non-restrictions.

59
Q

Once the FAA has accepted a Part 161 study, what six conditions of approval must be met?

A

Restriction must:

1. be reasonable, non-arbitrary, and     non-discriminatory
2. does not create an undue burden on interstate or foreign commerce
3. maintain safe and efficient use of navigable airspace
4. must not conflict with any existing Federal statute or regulation
5. must not create an undue burden on national aviation system
  1. The applicant must provide adequate opportunity for public comment on proposed restriction
60
Q
  1. Are Part 161 and Part 150 related?

2. What about FAA approval differences?

A
  1. No, actions of a Part 150 Study are not included in a Part 161.
  2. Part 150 - FAA approves conclusion, vs Part 161 - process.
61
Q

Microphone / accelerometer calibration cycles are based on what four considerations, in order of priority?

A
  1. Regulatory requirements
  2. ISO 17025 - User defines cal cycle
  3. Type of usage - rough = less
  4. Manuf. / Industry Stds. - 1 yr rec.
62
Q

What is the intent of Part 161 implementation difficulties?

A

In short, for airports to not be able to restrict air operations.

The “process” of an airport meeting Part 161 application requirements for imposing noise restrictions is designed to be onerous.

Once app accepted by FAA, (only two have successfully done so since 1991) the actual approval criteria is pretty insurmountable.

Airport Planning, Cnstrctn, Environ. (1 decks)

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