Airframe limitiations

Question 1

Limitations can be divided to two

Answer 1

Structual, performance

Question 2

What affect the performance limitations?

Answer 2

Passenger weight, runway length, temprature, density, etc.

Question 3

MTOM

Answer 3

Maximum take-off mass

Question 4

Is MTOM a structual or perforamnce limitation

Answer 4

Structural

Question 5

MLM

Answer 5

Maximum landing mass (structural too)

Question 6

MZFM

Answer 6

Maxium zero fuel mass

Question 7

Why do we need a MZFM

Answer 7

Because the wind will bend further upwards with zero fuel and provide a structual limit. Fuel avoids that.

Question 8

Load factor formula

Answer 8

(Lift produced by wing) / (Weight of the aeroplane)
So for exmaple, in 60° bank angle, the lift should be the doubled, therefore the load factor is 2

Question 9

When recoving from unusual attitudes is important to

Answer 9

avoid pulling excessive g’s

Question 10

Vno

Answer 10

Normal operating LIMIT speed

Question 11

Va

Answer 11

Maximum Manouvering speed, at which full force of control surfaces will not overstress the airframe

Question 12

Va is variable by

Answer 12

Aircraft weight

Question 13

Gust can affect:

Answer 13

The angle of attack, cause high wing loadings, even stall when critical angle of attack is exceeded

Question 14

Vb / Vturb

Answer 14

Turbulence penetration sped, the target speed for flying through turbulence

Question 15

Vra

Answer 15

Rough air speed (same as turbelence exmaple)

Question 16

If Vturb or Vra not present, use

Answer 16

Va

Question 17

V-n diagram

Answer 17

Velocity/load factor diagaram. Illustrates strength of operating by velocity and load factor

Question 18

Damage by overstressing can be seen by:

Answer 18

Distortion of the structure,
cracks,
Popped or sheared rivets
Wringles in the skin