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Spring 14' > Air Pollution Control Technology EXAM I > Flashcards

Air Pollution Control Technology EXAM I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the air pollution paradigm?

A

Emission -> Transport -> Receptors

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2
Q

What are the emissions of concern, what are some of their effects?

A

Emissions: form multiple sources, stationary, mobile.
SO2 (from 67% CFP), NO2(49% cars), PM, Mercury, lead, HAPs
Effects – by acid rain, smog and climate change

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3
Q

How are pollutants Transported?

A
  • -Transportation: Pollutants transported, diluted and possibly modified chemically or physically
  • -Emissions leave the plant, interact with the atmospheric chemical soup. Pollutant change to secondary pollutants or come down as acid rain.
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4
Q

What is the SMOG and eq

A

Photochemical Smog develops when primary pollutants (oxides and VOC’s) interact with sunlight to product secondary pollutants.

NO + HC + O2 +UV –> NO2 + O3

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5
Q

Receptors what are the types?

A

can be biotic or abiotic. What is damaged. for biotic life, risk factors for cardiac and pulmonary health. Abiotic buildings, particularly lime stone structures.

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6
Q

what are Primary Pollutants?

A

Emitted Directly to the atmosphere : Dust from roads, or elemental carbon, soot COARSE pm

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7
Q

what are Secondary Pollutants? what are their original sources?

A

Particles FORMED in the atmosphere: sulfates formed from SO2 emissions from power plants, Nitrates formed from NO2 emissions from cars and CFP. FINE PM contains much more secondary particles

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8
Q

what is OZONE – How it is created and effects

A

Lung irritant. At low-levels can cause aggravated asthma, reduced lung capacity, and increased susceptibility to pneumonia and broncchitis.

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9
Q

what is NOx, types and effects?

A
  • -NO2 -> Causes airway inflammation exacerbates asthma symptoms
  • -NOx + VOC’s ->Ground level Ozone, SMOG
  • -NOx + H2O -> Acid Rain, Nitric Acid
  • -NOx + NH3 -> Fine Particles
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10
Q

what is SOx + Effects

A
  • -SO2 + NH3 -> fine particles

- -Effects simillar to those of NOx

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11
Q

CO

A
  • -Binds with Hemoglobin to reduce O2

- -Directly effects Central Nervous System – Vision problems, ability to learn and reduced dexterity

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12
Q

Difference Between Emission Standards and Ambient Air Quality Standards

A

Emission standards are generally source based where Ambient Air Quality is Receptor based

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13
Q

Emission Standards (Philosophy, where applied, How are values Measured, Main Organizations and f(x), How many HAPs, How are HAPs controlled,

A

Emission Standards:
Cleanest air Philosophy
Apply emissions of pollutant to specific source
Written interms of Mass of emissions per time (g/min)
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) Apply
*Derived form field Tests
*only applicable to newly constructed sources
National Emission standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) apply
*Set forth Emission limits
enforce record keeping, monitoring
and operational requirments
** Cover HAPs that don’t have an AAQ standard but may cause illness
188 HAPs –> MACT

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14
Q

Ambient Air Quality Standards (Philosophy, How determined/measured, where it applies, how its expressed, orgs, Primary standard, Secondary standard)

A

Ambient Air Quality Standards:
Zero-Damage Philosophy
Based on Dose-Response-Data to determine thresholds
Apply to concentrations in outdoor atmosphere
Written in terms of concentrations
National ambient air quality standards apply (NAAQS)
***NAAQS set six criterion pollutants
*Primary Standard: Protect human health no mater economic or technical cost
*Secondary Standard: Designed to protect welfare of structures, crops, animals and forests.
*SIPS: Have to submit Plan for meeting NAAQS
*Deals with attainment vs Non-attainment areas.

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15
Q

Air Pollution Control Act of 1955

A

Funds for federal research and technical assistance for 5 years.
States didn’t want federal intervention in controlling emissions.

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16
Q

What does the 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments include

A

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
– Criteria Air pollutants
– Primary standards
– Secondary standards
2. New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
3. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAPs)
4. Attainment vs. nonattainment
Allow citizens to sue anyone including the Federal
Government alleged to be in violation of emission
standards
• EPA extended deadlines for compliance with vehicle
emission standards set by Congress

17
Q

What is attainment

A

any area (other than an area identified in clause (i)) that meets the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard for the pollutant.

18
Q

What is Non-attainment

A

any area that does not meet (or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearby area that does not meet) the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard for the pollutant.

19
Q

What is the NAAQS?

A

–National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
for 6 “Criteria Pollutants”
–Require State Implementation Plans (SIPs) for attaining and maintaining primary standards for three years.

20
Q

What are the Six Criteria Pollutants?

A 
Six Criteria pollutants:
– Carbon Monoxide – CO
– Nitrogen Dioxide – NO2
– Sulfur Dioxide – SO2
– Particulate Matter – PM10 and PM2.5
– Ozone – O3
– Lead – Pb
21
Q

What is Title III?

A

Title III - Air Toxics
– Lists the 189 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)
• “air toxics” that are not one of the NAAQS
– Requires the EPA to list source categories that
emit them (major and minor).
– The intent of the standards is to protect public
health by requiring existing and new major
sources to control emissions to the level
achievable by the maximum achievable control
technology (MACT)

22
Q

What is Title IV?

A

• Title IV Acid Deposition Control
– Calls for a national SO2 emissions reduction of 10
million tons per year from 1980 levels to help limit
acid deposition.

23
Q

What is title V?

A

• Title V Permits
– Established a new federal operating permit
program
• Identify and permit all major sources
• Requires plume dispersion modeling for all new
facilities or modifications, or when area source
becomes a major source
• Allowable emissions traded as commodities
• Major sources with early reductions could sell
emission credits to polluters
• Citizens can sue if states fail to enforce the Clean Air Act

24
Q

What is AP-42? [Primarily used for, expressed as, do they set emission limits?]

A

• Primarily used to estimate downwind
concentrations via dispersion modeling or
mass-balance equations
• Emission factors compiled in a set known as
“AP 42” now in it’s 5th edition.
AP-42 emission factors are representative
values
– Based on average of available data
– Typically expressed as mass of pollutant divided
by mass, volume, distance or duration of the
activity emitting the pollutant
• kg of PM10 / Mg of coal burned
• AP-42 factors are not recommended
emission limits (like a NSPS) nor standards
(like a NAAQS)

25
Q

AP-42 Equations
Emissions w/ out controls:
Emissions w/ controls:

What does each variable mean?

A

Emissions w/ out controls: E = AEF
Emissions w/ controls: E = AEF*(1-ER/100)

• E = Emissions
– Pollutant/time
• a = Activity Rate
– Pollutant source use rate
– Ex: tons of coal per hour where the coal contains S which causes the
pollutant SO2
• EF = Emission Factor (from AP-42)
– The amount of pollutant in the source that is released.
– Typically a multiplier x % (not fraction) of substance in source
• ER = Overall emission reduction efficiency
– Defined by the installed or proposed pollution control device (ER<1)

26
Q

EPA Method 5 Sampling Train, Identify and explain all parts

A

• Requires
– Gravimetric analysis of particles sampled
onto a filter
– Determination of volume of gas sampled
– Determination of moisture content of gas
– Maintaining isokinetic sampling

27
Q

Communicate the reasons for all parts of the sampling train

A

Cockhat

28
Q

What is Isokinetic Sampling, what is the ideal situation?

A

–the sample is drawn out of the flue gas duct by suction from each point through a sampling tube.

–The flow of the sample through the sampling system should be such that the velocity at the sampling point inlet is the same as the velocity of flue gas at that point.

29
Q

What are CEMS and what are the three major categories, what are some examples of the components?

A

CEMS : Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems
• Mandates use of a CEMS by all large coal/oil burning
plants
• CEMSs must contain:
Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring:
– An SO2 pollutant concentration monitor.
– A NOx pollutant concentration monitor.
– A diluent gas (O2 or CO2) monitor.
– A computer-based data acquisition and
Continuous Flow Monitoring Systems:
– A volumetric flow monitor.
Opacity Monitoring System:
– An opacity monitor.
Extras:
handling system
(DAHS) for recording and performing

30
Q

CEMS Cont. Gaseous Pollutants Analysis

A

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring:

- - Probe: Used to withdraw gas samples
- - Sample Line: used to transport the sample gas to analysis system
- - Conditioning System: Lowers temp if gas with device
- - Flow Dist. Panel: Directs gas to analyzers and controls the flow rate
31
Q

How is PM sampled in an ambient sampling station?

A

Cockhat

32
Q

What is the concept of log-normal size dist

A

There is normally a large amount of smaller particles in relation to larger ones

33
Q

What is the method for log probit calculation of mass median diameter and geometric standard deviation.

A

cock hat

34
Q

What are the six forces that can be applied to an airborne particle?

A
  • -Inertial: Causes impaction on surface due to relative motion of the air.
  • -Interception: Particle caught in high pressure flow lines when fluid flows past a bluff body
  • -Diffusion: Random motion of small particles collide with gas molecules and move them from high concentration to low concentration
  • -Gravitational: Particle weight causes sedimentation
  • -Electrostatic: charges on the particle surface may push or pull relative to other objects. can be used as a collection medium.
  • -Thermophoresis: Particles in a volume with a temp gradient will move from hot to cold areas

Spring 14' (2 decks)

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