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MIA > Air Pollution Cont > Flashcards

Air Pollution Cont Flashcards

0
Q

Why is NO bad

A

Makes NO2
Irritates lungs, bronchitis, pneumonia, lowers resistance to respite ray infection
React with VOC in sunlight
Form nitric acid from OH (rust and acid rain)

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1
Q

How is NOx made

A

N and O heated and oxidized

Chemically bound N in fuel get oxidized

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2
Q

What is a secondary pollutant

A

Can’t determine point or level of emission

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3
Q

Ozone at ground level

A

Main constituent of photochemical smog
Formed by reaction of sunlight with pollutants like NOx and VOCs
Highest levels during sunny weather

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4
Q

How doe smog harm

A

Chest constriction
Coughing
Headache
Mucous membrane irritation

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5
Q

How does smog harm animals

A

Permanent scarring of lungs
Loss of lung function
Reduce elasticity
Detrimental to foliage

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6
Q

Name components of smog

A

Formaldehyde
Peroxybenzoyl nitrate
Peroxyacetal nitrate
Eye irritation

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7
Q

Categories of PM’s

A 
Aerosols
Dust
Fumes
Mist
Fog
Smoke or soot
Smog, smoke and fog
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8
Q

What are PM’s

A

Complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substance suspended in air

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9
Q

Why are PM’s

A

Lodge deep in lungs

Chronic exposure: cardiovascular and respitroy disease and cancer

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10
Q

Major components of PM’s

A 
Sulfates
Nitrites
Ammonia
Sodium chloride
Black carbon
Mineral dust 
Water
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11
Q

What forms when large organic molecules stick to surface of soot

A

Benze like hydrocarbons. Poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

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12
Q

Voc

A

Volatile organic compounds

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13
Q

Where do VOCs come from

A

Solvents fuels other organics
Unburied and partially burned hydrocarbons
Anthropogenic sources
Natural sources like trees, bigger than man made pollution

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14
Q

Stationary sources

A 
86% of fossil duel combustion
Power stations
5% mobile vehicles
Petroleum refining
Copper smelting
Cement manufacturing
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15
Q

SOxs

A 
Coal contains 1-6 % sulfur. 
Half organic sulfur
Remaining half trapped
Remove by pulverizing and washing before combustion
Rsa main fuel source for electricity
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16
Q

How much sulfur in petroleum products

A

5-50 ppm

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17
Q

Where does acid rain come from

A

Sox react with air

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18
Q

is so2 highly soluble in water

A

Yes. Absorbed bye upper respitroy tract. Less long termed damage

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19
Q

Aerosol form of sox

A

Deeper in lungs
Combo with PMs
Excess mortality observed

20
Q

Past source of lead pollutant?

A

Tetraethyllead prevented misfire now use catalytic converters, still issues. Use lead free fuel. Inorganic

21
Q

Lead character

A

Inorganic
Settle quickly near source
Contaminate soil

22
Q

What does lead poisoning do

A

Aggressive
Destructive behaviors
Seizures
Brain damage

23
Q

Definition of a mega city

A

Pollution from more than 10 million people. S.a. Zero

24
Q

Source of mega city pollution

A

Vehicles
Unsaved roads
Traffic congestion

25
Q

Of what are emissions a function

A

Air fuel ratio.

Stochiometric air fuel ration = 14,5 for petrol octane engine

26
Q

What is a lean mixture

A

14,5 or more air.
Probable complete combustion which reduces co and Hc emissions
Spark plug
Can misfire

27
Q

What is a rich mixture

A

Less than 14,5 means more petrol and more co and Hc

Produces better power

28
Q

Design problems with catalytic converters

A 
Redesign 
Hc, co decrease NOx increase
Maintenance
Timing
Cr
Duty cycle
29
Q

What runs on 2 stroke engines

A

Motor cycles, lawn motor , outboard motor

30
Q

Promblem with 2 stroke engine

A

Also pushes out fresh fuel
Petrol oil mix for lub
Oily smelly exhaust fumes
Misfiring

31
Q

How does a Diesel engine work

A

Cetane
Lots of cr, T high, NOxs high
Lean mixtures not relying on spark. Low co and Hc emissions

32
Q

What do Diesel engines eject

A

Carbonaceous soot particles. Carcinogenic.
Caused by rich mixture
Faulty injectors
Bad air filter

33
Q

What two types of emissions are from automobiles

A

Exhaust pipe

VOCs from fuel tank

34
Q

What does a catalytic converter do

A

Handles three pollutants on same catalyst bed, co, Hc, no
Only effective if ration is close to Stochiometry
No lead
Must be warmed up
Bad with sudden acc and deceleration
Emit no2

35
Q

What are catalytic converter draw backs

A

Can’t work with diesel
Can’t control soot
O2 deprived environment required
Ineffective no control

36
Q

What is ethanol

A 
Grain alcoholi
Reduce co emissions
Lower 
E density compared to petrol
Need modification
37
Q

Methanol

A

What is methanol
Wood alcohol
High octane rating compared to petrol(cr)
Lower flame temperature. NO reduced
Lower volatility. Difficult to cold start. Invisible flame
Lower E density
Increased formaldehyde

38
Q

Biodiesel

A 
Vegetables oils animal fats, greases
Quarter co2 emission of diesel
O2 allows for more complete combustion
Lower so, Hc, co, pm, pahc
No modification
39
Q

What is transesterification

A

Removal of unwanted glycerine or fat

40
Q

What is a hybrid car

A

Ic and electric
Use battery for bursts of power
Regenerative braking to recharge batteries

41
Q

Whist is a lug in hybrid

A

Large battery storage
Charge using grid
Shift in emission types

42
Q

Electric vehicles

A

Tesla motors
99% efficient
Low range driving
Long charging times

43
Q

Fuel cell vehicles

A 
Electrochemical process
H to water with catalyst
Poor E density
Where does H come from?
Alternative fuel of methanol and water mix
44
Q

Stationary sources

A

Coal fired power plant

Combined cycle power plant

45
Q

How can we control combustion.

A

Per combustion: switch less S or N bearing fuels
Combustion: new burners, fluidized bed boilers
Postcombustion: PM collection device, esp, bag filter,flue gas desulfurization

46
Q

Assumptions of point source Gaussian plume model

A

Constant emission rate
Constant Windspeed
Conservative pollutant
Fatty open country terrain
Ground level pollution C directly proportional to source strength
Higher stack, less ground level pollution

47
Q

Where is surface Windspeed measured

A

10m above ground

48
Q

Isolation of
Strong
Moderate
Slight

A

Strong: clear summer day. Sun higher than 60 on horizon
Moderate: summer day, some clouds, 35 or higher
Slight: autumn afternoon,mor cloudy summers day

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