Air Law 2 Flashcards
What is IFR?
Instrument flight means flight during which an aircraft is piloted solely by reference to instruments and without reference to external points.
Define IMC Actual?
Any portion of a sortie flown with sole reference to instruments, due to the actual environmental conditions
Define IMC Simulated?
Any portion of a sortie flown under simulated instrument conditions where the pilot controls the aircraft with sole reference to instruments (using cloud vision restrictor)
What are the circling approach clearances?
AOB?
Speed?
Determined by drawing arcs from the threshold of each usable runway 2.66nm radius 20° AOB average or rate one -less IAW with circling minima Max Speed 135
Separation for IFR aircraft
Class C IFR-IFR
IFR-VFR
IFR-SVFR
Class D IFR-IFR (not during class D daylight hours – when flights have been cleared to climb/descend maintaining own separation VMC)
IFR - SVFR
Class G N/AMethods of horizontal separation used by ATC
Radar
Geographical
Latitudinal
Longitudinal
Own separation VMC – requirements and use
Class D only Must be requested by the pilot Day only Radar control service is not available Flight below 10,000ft Pilots of both aircraft agree Essential traffic information is passed The flights are on the same ATC frequency No other flights are affected
Definition of MILSEP
Operations at less than the promulgated IFR separation minimums from other military aircraft or formations
Horizontal separation provided by radar – primary & secondary
5nm (when wake turb is not a factor)
Reduced
- 3nm (Inside 60nm Auckland, Ohakea, Wellington, or Christchurch aerodromes CONTROLLED AIRSPACE or 60nm Te Weraiti)
- when aircraft on reciprocal tracks have passed and their radar position symbols have separated, radar separation exists
Rate of turn expected by atc
Generally all turns are made at a bank angle of 25°, or a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank.
Missed approach the minimum 15°
SID- assuming an average achieved bank angle of 15°
Circling- 20° average achieved bank angle or the bank angle producing turn rate of 3° per second- lesser
Rate of turn expected by ATC
SID
MISSED APPROACH
CIRCLING
Generally all turns are made at a bank angle of 25°, or a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank.
Missed approach the minimum 15°
SID- assuming an average achieved bank angle of 15°
Circling- 20° average achieved bank angle or the bank angle producing turn rate of 3° per second- lesser
Radar Cloud Break
Minima = Cloud ceiling 2500ft (and vis 5km if only have a provisional rating)
For 5m final or 3m initial B&B
Primary/Secondary reason for instrument approach
- Land in bad weather
2. Provide routing in the event of comms failure
Factors considered when designing IFR departures
Terrain surrounding the aerodrome Siting of the navigational aids Type of navigational aids Surrounding airspace restrictions Traffic flow Noise abatement
Climb Gradients
Min 3.3%
200’/nm
Obstacle clearance for SID, height before turn
16ft above DER, 400ft climb before commencing turn
Speed Restrictions SID Initial APP Final APP Circling Missed Holding Reversal Vat
SID 165 Initial approach 120-180 Final approach 85-130 Circling approach 135 Missed Approach 150 Holding 170 below 14,000ft Reversal 140 VAT 91-120
IFTO Minima
Weather must be:
At or above weather minima for takeoff IAW OP DATA in AD 2 for that AD OR
If not detailed in AD 2 – minimum 300ft ceiling, 1500m vis
Reduced Takeoff Minima: 0ft Cloud ceiling, 800m vis Requires: 1. Centreline marking or lighting 2. Vis is confirmed by the pilot by observation of centreline marking or lighting 3. AD2 allows it 4. Obstacles taken into account 5. Two-engine prop must have autofeather or autocoarse
MSA
Minimum safe altitude is the altitude that will provide 1000ft obstacle clearance within 5nm of planned route, increased to 2000ft in mountainous areas
MRA
The lowest altitude on an VOR route to ensure acceptable navigational signal coverage
MEA
The lowest altitude on an NDB route to ensure acceptable navigational signal coverage
MFA
(a) Route Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA).
(b) Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA) for a VOR sector.
(c) Minimum Enroute Altitude (MEA) for an NDB sector.
(d) Volcanic Hazard Zone upper limit.
(e) Danger or Restricted Area upper limit, where an appropriate
separation buffer is added — refer to ENR 1.1.
Cruising Levels
NOSE
IFR 1000
VFR+500
Approach Segments
Arrival Initial Approach Intermediate Approach Final Approach Missed Approach
