Air Law Flashcards
List the Age, Medical, Knowledge & Experience Requirements for a CPL
Age: 18 Years Old
Medical: Category 1
Experience: 200 hrs Total (100 hrs PIC, 20 hrs PIC XC), 20 hrs Instrument following PPL, 5 hrs Dual XC, 300 NM XC
What are the Additional Privileges granted to a holder of a CPL?
All PPL privileges + VFR OTT rating & Night Rating
Fly for Hire/Reward
Captain of Single-Crew A/C
First Officer of Multi-Crew A/C
When is a Type Rating Required?
Any A/C not covered under a blanket rating
High Performance A/C, or A/C requiring min flight crew of 2
What is the Definition of a High Performance A/C?
Min Flight Crew of 1
Vne of 250 kts or greater
Vso of 80 kts or greater
Can CPL holder exercise privileges of a PPL?
Yes (Medical for a PPL is only class 3)
What time frame is needed for Currency Requirements?
24 Months
What are the 7 ways to stay Current?
- Attend TC Safety Seminar
- Participate in Recurrent Training Program (Ground School)
- Complete Training Program or PPC
- Meet Requirements for Issue/Renewal of Permit, Licence or Rating
- Complete Written Exams for Permit, Licence, or Rating
- Complete Flight Review
- Self-Paced Study Course Completed Anually
What are the 5 Year Recency Requirements?
Act as PIC once, or
Write PSTAR & Complete Flight Review with Instructor (Have Logbook Certified)
What are the 6 Month Recency Requirements?
Must Complete 5 Takeoffs and Landings to Carry Pax
Who publishes the AIP Canada?
NAV Canada
Who publishes the AIM?
Transport Canada
When is AIM updated?
Twice a Year (Spring/Fall)
Who issues the Canada Flight Supplement and how often is it published?
NAV Canada & 56 Days
Which operators must have a Safety Management System (SMS)?
All Part 4, 5 & 7 operators
How long must a crew member wait to operate an A/C after drinking alcohol?
12 hours
When are you allowed to refuel an A/C with the engine running?
Only if in accordance with Air Operator Standards
When is someone allowed to leave an A/C for the purpose of a parachute descent?
- When it isn’t in controlled airspace or an air route
- When it isn’t over a built-up area or an assembly of people
Are Portable Electronic Devices allowed on A/C?
They are, as long as they don’t interfere with any system or equipment on the A/C
Can you operate an A/C with a 2-way radio that can’t communicate on 121.5 MHz?
No, must be able to communicate on 121.5 MHz
What are 2 systems in place to guard against Control Locks being engaged during flight?
- Incapable of being engaged when A/C operated
- Warning provided whenever control lock is engaged
What are the Critical Surfaces?
Wings, Control Surfaces, Props, Stabilizers
When can an A/C fly in Icing Conditions?
When the PIC determines the A/C is adequately equipped
What are the minimum items required in a Pre-Flight Briefing?
- Normal & Emergency Exits
- Operation of Safety Belts/Shoulder Harnesses
- Positioning/Securing of Seats, Seat Backs, Rudder Pedals, etc.
- Stowage of Carry-On Baggage
- Operating Oxygen Equipment
- Prohibition on Smoking/Eating/Drinking
- First-Aid Kits, Survival Kits
- Over Water: Life Preservers, Rafts, etc.
What’s the difference between an ATC Instruction and Clearance?
Instruction: Must be complied with
Clearance: Must be complied with, if accepted
When do we need to read back an ATC Clearance? - Differences between VFR and IFR
VFR - Read back any section of clearance when requested
IFR - Read back entire clearance
What 2 things must be true to dump fuel?
- Necessary to do so to ensure safety
- All appropriate measures taken to minimize danger to life, environment
When may the PIC deviate from an ATC Clearance/Instruction?
To carry out a collision avoidance manoeuvre (ACAS, TCAS, GPWS)
What must the PIC do when they deviate from an ATC Clearance/Instruction?
Inform ATC ASAP and return to last accepted clearance
What frequency does an ELT transmit on and for how long?
121.5 MHz, 243.0 MHz for 48 hours
What are the 2 main categories of ELT?
F/AF - Remain in A/C
AP - Can be removed from A/C
When are you allowed to test an ELT?
In the first 5 minutes of any UTC hour for max of 5 seconds
What are the 4 exceptional cases where an ELT is not required?
- Gliders, balloons, airships, ultra-lights, gyroplanes
- Operated by FTU within 25 NM of departure aerodrome
- Flight test
- New A/C in flight for purpose of manufacture, preparation or delivery
What must an operator do to operate an A/C without an ELT when it is required?
- Repairs/removes ELT at first aerodrome that repairs/removals can take place
- Displays placard that ELT has been removed
- Re-equips ELT within 30 days after removal
What are the Oxygen Requirements when flying above 13,000’ ASL?
Everyone must be wearing oxygen for duration of flight
What are the Oxygen Requirements when flying between 10,000’ and 13,000’ ASL?
Crew members for duration of flight over 30 mins
Available to 10% of pax, no less than 1
What are the Oxygen Requirements at night?
Above 5000’ ASL must be used
What are the 3 steps the PIC should take when a comm failure occurs in Class B, C, or D airspace?
- Leave airspace by shortest route
- Squawk 7600
- Inform ATC ASAP of actions taken
What is the minimum VFR distance over built-up areas?
Not lower than 1000’ above highest obstacle within 2000’ radius
What is the minimum VFR distance over non-built up areas?
Not lower than 500’ above highest obstacle within 500’ radius
What is the minimum VFR distance over open water?
500’ above the water
What is the max speed IAS below 10,000’ ASL?
250 kts
What is the max speed IAS below 3,000’ ASL, within 10 NM of a control zone?
200 kts
Memorize VFR Weather Minima
Yes Sir
What is the weather minima for SVFR?
1 SM vis, and clear of cloud
What are the other (non-weather) requirements for SVFR?
2-way radio, only authorized at night for landing, must be pilot requested
What is the weather minima for VFR OTT?
Weather at destination forecast scattered or better, vis of 5 SM or better, no precipitation, or fog
What is the minimum altitude over-flying an aerodrome?
2000’ AGL
What is the rule of thumb when it comes to right of way rules?
Right
What is the definition of an aerobatic maneuver?
Change in attitude resulting in bank over 60°, abnormal attitude, or abnormal acceleration
Are aerobatics allowed over built-up areas, in controlled airspace or below 2000’ AGL?
No
What requirements must the PIC have to fly aerobatics with pax?
- 10 hrs dual instruction or 20 hrs conducting aerobatics
- PIC flown 1 hr of aerobatics in past 6 months
What are the differences between Northern and Southern Domestic Airspace?
Northern uses true track, while Southern uses magnetic because the compass is unreliable up north
What is a Flight Information Region?
Area of defined dimension within which flight info service and alerting services provided
What is defined as High Level Airspace?
All airspace over 18,000’ ASL
Where do the Southern, Northern, and Arctic Control Areas start?
Southern: 18,000’ ASL and above
Northern: FL 230 and above
Arctic: FL 270 and above
What are the normal dimensions for a Control Zone?
Extend from surface to 3000’ AAE
Radius of 5 NM
Within TCA have radius of 7 NM
Military is 10 NM
What are the dimensions of Low Level Airways?
Controlled airspace extending from 2200’ AGL up to (not including) 18,000’ ASL
What is a Control Area Extension?
Controlled airspace within low level airspace extending upwards from 2200’ AGL until specified
What are the dimensions of a Transition Area?
Based at 700’ AGL up to overlying airspace
15 NM radius
Describe Class A Airspace
All high level controlled airspace to FL 600, only IFR, require Mode C transponder
Describe Class B Airspace
Only CVFR and IFR, with Mode C transponder
All low level controlled airspace, above 12,500’ ASL and above MEA up to 18,000’ ASL
Can be control zones & TCAs
Describe Class C Airspace
Allows both VFR & IFR, VFR requires clearance
Requires 2-way radio, and Mode C transponder
Becomes Class E when no ATC
Describe Class D Airspace
Controlled allowing both IFR and VFR - VFR must establish 2-way comms prior to entering
Requires 2-way radio and Mode C transponder (when designated)
Becomes Class E when no ATC
Describe Class E Airspace
When operational control exists but doesn’t need active control
Both IFR and VFR - no requirements
Requires transponder when designated
Control zones, low level airways, control area extensions, or transition areas
Describe Class F Airspace
Activities confined due to their nature
Advisory (CYA) or Restricted (CYR) - will give type of activity
Designated Airspace Handbook
Describe Class G Airspace
All remaining airspace
Surface to 18,000’ ASL (or overlying)
Low Level Air Routes - same as Low Level Airways but start at surface
When do Cruising Altitude Orders come into effect?
3000’ AGL and above
(001-179) = Odd (181-359) = Even
What is the difference between the Altimeter Setting and the Standard Pressure Regions?
During cruise you set the altimeter to the nearest station in the Altimeter Setting Region, while it gets set to 29.92” Hg in the Standard Pressure Region
What is the procedure for entering the Standard Pressure Region? The Altimeter Setting Region?
Entering Standard - 29.92” after entering
Entering Altimeter - Altimeter Setting prior to entering
What is the requirement for entering the Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ)?
File a DVFR Flight Plane
+/- 20 NM of centreline of track
+/- 5 mins of entry time
What is ESCAT?
Emergency Security Control of Air Traffic - invoked during air defence emergency
What are the 3 different modes of transponders?
A - Ident Only
C - Ident and Altitude
S - Ident, Altitude and other Info
What are the 2 standard VFR transponder codes?
1200 - at and below 12,500’ ASL
1400 - above 12,500’ ASL
What are the 3 emergency transponder codes?
7500 - Hijacking
7600 - Communication Failure
7700 - Emergency
Steady Green Light from Ground/Air?
Cleared to Takeoff/Cleared to Land
Flashing Green Light from Ground/Air?
Cleared to Taxi/Return to Land
Steady Red Light from Ground/Air?
Stop/Give Way and Continue Circling
Flashing Red Light from Ground/Air?
Taxi Clear of Runway/Airport Unsafe, Don’t Land
What do Blinking Runway Lights indicate?
Exit the runway
What are VFR Fuel Requirements for Day and Night
30 minutes at cruise for day
45 minutes at cruise for night
What is an Airport?
An Aerodrome with a certificate
What is the difference between a Maneuvering and Movement Area?
Maneuvering - Part of aerodrome used for taking off and landing/movement of A/C, excluding aprons
Movement - Surface movement of A/C includes maneuvering area & aprons
What does a Wind Sock parallel to the horizon indicate? 30° below horizon?
15 kts & 6 kts
What is the difference between VASIS and PAPIs?
VASIS = 2x2
PAPI = 4x1
What is the minimum runway lighting required for A/C movement at night?
White runway edge lights
What colour lights surround taxiways? Aprons?
Blue & Orange
How close to the airport must you be to activate the ARCAL?
15 NM
What is the difference between Type J and Type K ARCAL?
Type J - 5 clicks in 5 secs, 1 setting
Type K - 7, 5, 3 clicks in 5 secs, 3 settings
Describe an ATF
Active uncontrolled aerodrome
Radio calls made to “Traffic”
122.8, 123.0, 123.2
Describe an MF
Established at uncontrolled aerodrome where there is a safety benefit
All A/C must have radio
FSS monitoring frequency, calls made to “Radio”
What does NOTAMR, NOTAMC, NOTAMJ, and NOTAMQ mean?
Replacing
Cancelling
RSC/CRFI
Query Response
What kind of flights don’t require a flight plan to be filed?
Flights within 25 NM of departure aerodrome
When does SAR start after a Flight Plan, and Flight Itinerary?
60 minutes
24 hours
What must Survival Equipment provide for?
- Starting a Fire
- Purifying Water
- Providing Shelter
- Signalling Distress
What Equipment must be carried on a Power-Driven A/C?
- Checklist/Placard to operate A/C in accordance with POH
- VFR OTT/Night VFR - Current Charts/Publications for route & diversions
- Fire Extinguisher
- Time Piece for Each Crew Member
- Flashlight for Each Crew Member at Night
- First Aid Kit
Minimum Day VFR Equipment
- Airspeed Indicator
- Magnetic Compass
- Altimeter (Controlled Airspace - Adjustable)
- Engine Instruments (Tachometer, Manifold Pressure, Fuel Pressure, Oil Pressure, Oil Temperature, Coolant Temperature)
- Fuel Gauges
- Radio (If in Radio Airspace)
Requirements for Seaplanes and Life Preservers/Flotation Devices
Life Preservers for each person on board
Requirements for Landplanes with Life Preservers/Flotation Devices
Can’t be operated beyond gliding distance from shore, unless there is a Life Preserver for each person on board
What is required for flights beyond 50 NM from shore?
Life Preserver for each person on board
What is required for flights beyond 100 NM or 30 mins from emergency landing?
Life rafts to fit everyone on board
Minimum Night VFR Equipment
- Day VFR Equipment
- Sensitive Altimeter
- Turn and Slip/Turn Coordinator
- Source of Energy for Electrics
- 50% of Required Spare Fuses
- Heading Indicator (Away from Airport)
- Means of Illuminating Instruments
- Landing Light (Carrying Pax)
- Anti-Collision & Position Lights
What is the Definition of Night?
1/2 hr after sunset to 1/2 hr before sunrise
What are the Lights Required for Night Flying?
Red (Left) & Green (Right) Position Lights (110°)
White Anti-Collision Light (180°)
Strobes (360°)
When is a Journey Log required to be carried on board the A/C?
When shutting down at another airport
Can the Journey Log and Technical Log be carried at the same time?
No
What are the Required Documents that must be onboard?
A - Certificate of Airworthiness
R - Certificate of Registration
O - Operating Manual
W - Weight and Balance
J - Journey Log
I - Intercept Orders
L - Crew Licences
I - Proof of Insurance
Does the PIC have to ensure that one pilot is at controls with seatbelt fastened during flight?
Yes
Seatbelt Requirement for A/C Built After 1978
Require front seat shoulder harnesses
Seatbelt Requirement for A/C engaged in Flight Training & Airline Flight Deck Seats
Require Shoulder Harness
Seatbelt Requirement for A/C built After 1986, less than 9 Seats
All seats require Shoulder Harnesses
Are children under 2 allowed to sit in someone’s lap?
Yes
What is a Reportable Aviation Accident?
Accident resulting directly from operation of A/C, where:
Person sustains serious injury or is killed
A/C sustains damage or failure that affects structural strength
A/C is missing or inaccessible
What is a Reportable Aviation Incident?
Incident resulting directly from operation of A/C having max takeoff weight greater than 5700 kg
Is an Air Operator Certificate needed to operate an air service in Canada?
Yes
For a Canadian AOC holder what else must be in place to operate an A/C in commercial air service?
Canadian Type Certificate & Canadian Flight Authority
What does 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, & 706 represent?
701 - Foreign Air Operations
702 - Aerial Work
703 - Air Taxi
704 - Commuter
705 - Airline
706 - Aircraft Maintenance Requirements for Air Operators
What are the restrictions to be eligible to be an Air Taxi?
- Single-engine A/C
- Multi-engine A/C with MTOW of 19,000 lbs or less, seating 9 or less pax
- Any other A/C authorized
What are the restrictions to be eligible to be a Commuter?
- Multi-engine A/C with MTOW of 19,000 lbs or less, seating 10-19 pax
- Turbo-jet A/C with max zero fuel weight of 50,000 lbs or less, seating not more than 19 pax
- Any other A/C authorized
What are the restrictions to be eligible to be an Airline?
- A/C with MTOW greater than 19,000 lbs and can hold 20 or more pax
- Helicopter seating more than 20 pax
- Any other A/C authorized
What is the Definition of Flight Time?
Time from moment A/C first moves under its own power for purpose of taking off until moment it comes to rest at end of flight
Flight Time Restrictions
1200 hrs in 365 days
300 hrs in 90 days
120 hrs in 30 days (100 on call)
702 & 703: 60 hrs in 7 days
What is the Definition of Flight Duty Time?
Period that starts when flight crew member reports for flight, or reports for flight crew member on standby, and finishes at “engines off” at end of final flight
What is the Max Flight Duty Time?
14 hrs in any 24 hrs
What must be in place for a Flight Duty Time Extension to occur?
- PIC consults with other crew members and considers it safe
- Extension not more than 3 hrs
- Crew members receive extra rest time equal to extension
- Operator notified, and informs TC
For Aerial Work, can the plane take off without an Operational Flight Plan?
No, must be filed
What people are Aerial Work Operators allowed to carry on board?
- People who’s presence is essential
- Operator authorized to conduct parachute descents and person is a parachutist
- Operator authorized to carry a person
Without authorization in AOC, what are the VFR minimum flight visibilities for Aerial Work Operators?
2 SM vis, below 1000’ AGL
When is an Aerial Work operator not allowed to operate at night in VFR OTT, or IFR?
- While towing
- While helicopter carrying load
- While dispersing products
- When A/C is single-engine
What are 3 situations where an Aerial Work Operator can operate at night with pax?
- PIC has instrument rating
- Operator allowed to conduct parachute descents in night VFR
- Authorized in AOC
What is required for an Aerial Work A/C to operate at night?
- Landing light
- Means of illuminating icing
Does an Aerial Work A/C need 2 seatbelts with shoulder harnesses in the front 2 seats?
Yes
What is needed to be completed when an Aerial Work A/C is operated in IFR and there are pax onboard?
PPC, and if not chief pilot PCC
What is a PPC?
Pilot Proficiency Check
Similar to Group 1 IFR Flight Test with TC Inspector
What is a PCC?
Pilot Competency Check
Similar to checkout on A/C with a training captain
What is the validity of a PPC for Aerial Work Operations?
Until 1st day of 25th month following the month where check was completed
If renewed in last 90 days of validity - extended by 24 months
What is the validity of a PCC for Aerial Work Operations?
Until 1st day of 13 month following the month where check was completed - If renewed in last 90 days of validity - extended by 12 months
Where can an operator place the Company Operations Manual, if one is not given out to each crew member?
- In each A/C, or
- In appropriate place other than A/C
What are the A/C requirements for an Air Taxi to operate with Pax in IFR or Night VFR?
- Factory built, turbine powered A/C
- Engine must have MTBF of 0.001/1000 or less established over 100,000 hrs of service
- Numerous other automated systems designed to allow rapid responses/prevention of emergencies
Can an Air Taxi Operator operate over water beyond gliding distance?
No, unless authorized in AOC
Is there authorization available for Air Taxi Operators to carry more than 9 Pax?
Only for Helicopters
Can simulated emergencies be conducted with Pax on board?
No
What is the Air Taxi VFR Obstacle Clearance distance for Night and Day?
Night: less than 1000’ above highest obstacle within 3 miles from route to be flown
Day: less than 300’ AGL or horizontal distance of 300’ from nearest obstacle
What is the Air Taxi VFR Minimum Flight Visibility?
2 SM vis, below 1000’ AGL
What requirements/qualifications must in place for a VFR OTT flight to take place under Air Taxi regulations?
- Must be able to maintain VMC if pilot is not IFR rated or A/C has 1 engine
- Must be able to maintain safe IFR altitude in event of engine failure if pilot IFR rated and multi-engine A/C
What are the bare minimum flight crew qualifications for Air Taxi Operations?
- Hold licence and rating required
- Within previous 90 days, completed 3 takeoffs/landings
- Completed PPC or PCC for A/C type
What is required for an Air Taxi PIC of a multi-engine A/C of single-engine A/C in IFR or Night VFR with Pax?
PPC for A/C type
What is required for the SIC for an Air Taxi of a multi-engine A/C?
PPC or PCC for A/C type
What is required for the PIC of an Air Taxi single-engine A/C not operated IFR or night VFR with pax
PCC for A/C type
What is required for a PIC of an Air Taxi A/C to operate with Pax during Night VFR
Instrument Rating
What is the Validity of a PPC and PCC for Air Taxi Operations?
Both valid until 1st day of 13th month following month proficiency check was completed
If renewed in last 90 days of validity - extended by 12 months
When are SOPs required for Air Taxi Operations?
For each A/C that is required to have 2 or more pilots
