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Bmat Chem > Air And Water > Flashcards

Air And Water Flashcards

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1
Q

Percentage of nitrogen

A

78%

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2
Q

Percentage of oxygen

A

21%

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3
Q

Percentage of argon

A

0.9%

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4
Q

Percentage of carbon dioxide

A

0.04%

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5
Q

Fraction distillation of air

A

1) air has to be condensed into a liquid at -200c

2) at -200c, CO2 and H2O are solids so they can be remove and taken out

3) N2 boils at -196c so it can be removed from the top of the column as a gas

4) at -188c, oxygen is still a liquid so it can be taken out at the bottom of the column

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6
Q

Green house gasses

A

1) sun emits rays and enter the earth atmosphere

2) heat is absorbed and re-emitted back from the earth surface

3) some heat is reflected back

4) some heat is absorbed by greenhouse gas ie CO2 and CH4 and is trapped in the atmosphere causing the temperature to rise

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7
Q

Human activities carbon dioxide that cause the increase

A

Burning fossil fuels

Deforestation

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8
Q

Human activities methane

A

Cattle farming

Rice fields

Landfill sites

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9
Q

Sources of carbon monoxide

A

Incomplete combustion

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10
Q

Carbon monoxide properties

A

Colourless, odourless, poisonous

Binds more strongly to haemoglobin in the blood than oxygen and greatly reduces the amount of oxygen that the blood can carry around the body

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11
Q

Effects of carbon monoxide

A

Headaches , dizziness

Long exposure can lead to death

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12
Q

Sources of carbon dioxide

A

Combustion of fossil fuels

Respiration of plants and animals

Thermal decomposition of carbonates

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13
Q

Sulfur dioxide

A

Poisonous odourless and smell of choking smelll

React with water and oxygen forming sulphuric acid

Forming acid rain

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14
Q

Effect of acid rain from nitrogen oxides and sulphuric acid

A

Damage to vegetation

Corrosion of limestone buildings

Increase metal corrosion

Increase leaching of soil

Kills wildlife

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15
Q

Nitrogen

A

Nitrogen in the air at high pressure and temperature (car engine) react with oxygen —> nitrogen oxides

Acid rain

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16
Q

Treatment for drinking water - chlorine

A

Controlled quantities to sterilised the water to kill the harmful bacteria

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17
Q

Treatment for drinking water - fluoride ions

A

Ie sodium fluoride help protect against tooth decay

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18
Q

Cracking and catalyst required

A

Bigs molecules —> small molecules

Small Alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen

High pressure and temperature

Hot powered aluminum oxide catalyst

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19
Q

Fractional distillation

A

Separation of crude oil into simpler mixture due to different boiling points of different hydrocarbons

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20
Q

Process of fractional distillation

A

Crude oil enters the fractionating column; hot at the bottom and cooler on top

Oil vaporise rising through the column

These vapour condense when they reach the point in the chamber where it is colder than their boiling point

Liquid is led out of the column

21
Q

Down the fractionating column

A

Boiling point increases

Viscosity increases

Less flammable

Less volatile

22
Q

Structural isomerism

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formulae

23
Q

Characteristic of homologous series

A

Same general formula

Same functional group

Similar chemical properties

Difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2

24
Q

Define functional group

A

Group of atoms the determines the physical and chemical properties of the molecule

25
Q

Properties of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

Unreactive except combustion

Saturated hydrocarbon

26
Q

Names of alkane from 1-6

A

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Pentane

Hexane

Heptane

27
Q

Properties of alkenes

A

Unsaturated

CnH2n

28
Q

Test for alkenes

A

Bromine water

Orange to colourless

Basically decolourise

29
Q

Alkene with hydrogen

A

Alkene + H2 = alkane

Temperature 150c

Pressure 450c

Nickel catalyst

30
Q

Alkene with halogens

A

Alkene + halogen = halogenoalkane

31
Q

Alkene with hydrogen halide

A

Alkene + hydrogen halide (HCl) = chloroethane

32
Q

Alkene + steam

A

Alkene +steam = alcohol

Temperature 300
Pressure 60-70atm
Catalyst: concentrated phosphoric acid

33
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

Only one product = polymer

34
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

Formed when two different monomers are linked together with removal of water

Formed polymer and water

35
Q

Ester bond two monomers

A

Dicarboxylic acid

Alcohols (diols)

Forming ester bond and water

Required : concentrated sulfuric acid

O-C=O

“Polyester”

Terylene

36
Q

Amide bond two monomers

A

Dicarboxylic acid

Di-amines

Forming amide bond

C=O -N-H

Forming amide bond and water

Polyamide

Nylon

37
Q

Biodegradable

A

Can be decomposed by the action of living organism

38
Q

What two polymers can be decomposed

A

Polyamide and polyesters

39
Q

Define non-biodegradable

A

Cannot be decomposed by nature

40
Q

What polymer can be decomposed

A

Polymer from alkenes

41
Q

What is protein formed from

A

Long chain of amino acid joined by amide linkage

42
Q

Amino acid consist of

A

Amino group (-NH2) and carbonyl group (-COOH) and an organic R group

43
Q

Reaction of alcohol with sodium

A

R-OH + Na —> R-O- Na+ +H2

44
Q

Carboxylic acid react with alcohol to produce…

A

Esters and water

Required concentrated sulphuric acid

45
Q

Naming ester

A

Alcohol come first then carboxylic acid

Methyl Ethanoate

46
Q

Properties melting point

A

As molecules get larger, the intermolecular attraction becomes greater

More heat is needed to separate the molecules

With increasing molecular size there is an increase in boiling point

47
Q

Properties of fraction viscosity

A

High viscosity
—> the number of carbon atoms increase the attraction between the hydrocarbons molecules also increase which result in the liquid becoming more viscous with the increasing length of the hydrocarbon chain

—> the liquid flows less easily with increasing molecular mass

48
Q

Volatility

A

With increasing molecular size hydrocarbon liquids become less volatile

This is because the attraction between the molecules increase with increasing molecular size

Bmat Chem (3 decks)

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