Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IM INFECTIOUS > AID 2 > Flashcards

AID 2 Flashcards

1
Q

SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION

  • thirst,
  • dry mouth,
  • decreased axillary sweat,
  • decreased urine output,
  • slight weight loss
A

Mild dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION

  • orthostatic fall in blood pressure,
  • skin tenting,
  • sunken eyes (or, in infants, a sunken fontanelle).
A

Moderate dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION: Severe dehydration

A
  • lethargy,
  • obtundation,
  • feeble pulse,
  • hypotension,
  • frank shock.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • is the most common travel-related infectious illness.
  • time of onset is usually 3 days to 2 weeks
  • generally self-limited, lasting |-5 days.
A

TRAVELER’S DIARRHEA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The most common isolates from persons with the classic

secretory traveler’s diarrhea syndrome.

A

Enterotoxigenic and Enteroaggregative strains of E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

are important settings for outbreaks of enteric infections

A
  • Day-care centers,
  • schools
  • residential facilities,
  • cruise ships
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the most common etiologic agent associated with outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis.

A

Norovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

has been identified as a cause of antibiotic-associated

hemorrhagic colitis.

A

Klebsiella oxytoca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Has been associated with outbreaks of diarrhea in nurseries

for newborns

A

Enteropathogenic E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes significant diarrheal illness in elderly patients in
chronic care institutions. The use of Antibacterials alters the
normal colonic flora allowing multiplication of this bacteria.

A

C. difficile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

most morbidity and mortality from enteric pathogens involves children

A

<5 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

high risk of invasive enteropathies, including salmonellosis, listeriosis, and cryptosporidiosis.

A

Defects in cell-mediated immunity (AIDS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

particular risk of C. difficile colitis and giardiasis.

A

Hypogammaglobulinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

are more likely to develop C. difficile infection as a result of chemotherapy and frequent hospitalizations.

A

Patients with cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • stool examination indicate a noninflammatory etiology
  • evidence of a common-source outbreak
  • ingestion of specific foods
  • the time of onset of diarrhea after a meal
A

BACTERIAL FOOD POISONING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bacterial Food Poisoning: Sources of Food
1-6 hrs

  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Bacillus cereus
A
  • Ham,
  • poultry,
  • potato or egg salad,
  • mayonnaise,
  • cream pastries
  • Fried rice
17
Q

Bacterial Food Poisoning: Sources of Food
8-16hr (vomiting rare)

  • Clostridium perfringens
  • B. cereus
A
  • Beef,
  • poultry,
  • legumes,
  • gravies
  • Meats,
  • vegetables,
  • dried beans,
  • cereals
18
Q

can produce either a syndrome with a short incubation period, mediated by a staphylococcal type of enterotoxin.

A

B. cereus the emetic form

19
Q

longer incubation period (8—I6 h), caused by an

enterotoxin resembling F. cofi LT, in which diarrhea and abdominal cramps are characteristic but vomiting is uncommon.

A

B. cereus the diarrheal form

20
Q
  • longer incubation period (8—14 h)
  • inadequately cooked meat, poultry, or legumes
  • moderately severe abdominal cramps and diarrhea; vomiting is rare, as is fever.
A

Clostridium perfringens

21
Q

NONBACTERIAL AGENTS OF FOOD POISONING

A
  • Capsaicin is found in hot peppers

- Variety of toxins found in fish and shellfish

22
Q

LABORATORY EVALUATION

Stool culture on selective media such as thiosulfate—citrate—bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) or tellurite-taurocholate—gelatin (TTG) agar:

A

CHOLERA

23
Q

LABORATORY EVALUATION

Latex agglutination test

A

ROTAVIRUS

24
Q

LABORATORY EVALUATION

RT-PCR and specific antigen enzyme immunoassays

A

NOROVIRUS

25
Q

LABORATORY EVALUATION

Immunofluorescence-based rapid assays or standard microscopy

A

GIARDIA CYSTS OR CRYPTOSPORIDIUM

26
Q

All patients with fever and evidence of inflammatory

Disease should test for

A
  • SALMONELLA,
  • SHIGELLA, AND
  • CAMPYLOBACTER
27
Q

Culture on MacConkey agar or in selenite enrichment broth:

A

SALMONELLA AND SHIGELLA

28
Q

Rapid enzyme immunoassays, latex agglutination tests, or PCR

A

C. DIFFICILE

29
Q

TREATMENT FOR DEHYDRATION

A
  • REHYDRATION
  • oral rehydration solution (ORS)
  • “reduced-osmolarity/reduced-salt” (WHO recommended)
30
Q

Secretory forms of traveler’s diarrhea is treated

A
  • rehydration,
  • bismuth subsalicylate,
  • antiperistaltic agents
  • Antimicrobial agents can shorten the duration of illness from 3—4 days to 24-36 h but may be associated with the acquisition of multidrug-resistant organisms.
31
Q

TX of Bloody diarrhea and fever

A
  • fluoroquinolone or a macrolide

- Individuals with shigellosis should receive a 3- to 7-day course.

32
Q

TX of Campylobacter infection

A
  • more severe or prolonged often benefit from antimicrobial treatment.
  • macrolide antibiotic such as erythromycin or azithromycin
33
Q

TX of Salmonellosis

A
  • antimicrobial agents are at high risk of complications such as infants, patients with
  • prosthetic devices,
  • patients over age 50,
  • immunocompromised persons.
34
Q

Avoided drugs for tx of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

A
  • Antimicrobial agents should not be administered (especially children).
35
Q
  • Improvements in hygiene
A

Travelers should eat only

  • hot, freshly cooked food,
  • avoiding raw vegetables, salads, and unpeeled fruit;
  • drink only boiled or treated water and avoiding ice.
36
Q
  • inexpensive agent for the prophylaxis of traveler’s diarrhea
  • Adverse reaction: darkening of tongue and tinnitus
A

Bismuth subsalicylate

37
Q

may lessen the likelihood of traveler’s diarrhea by

~15%.

A

Probiotics

38
Q

indicated for the prevention of traveler’s§ diarrhea in

immunosuppressed or have other underlying illnesses

A

Rifaximin

39
Q

Prophylaxis Vaccines Used to treat diarrhea

A
  • Rotavirus vaccine

- Vaccines against S. Typhi and V. cholerae

IM INFECTIOUS (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions