AICP Pre-Test Cards Flashcards
Federal Facility Cleanup Activities Guidelines
1992 Federal Facilities Environmental Restoration Dialogue Committee
- Strive to create a process in which communities and federal agencies are seen as partners in the dialogue on cleanup issues.
- Develop linkages among communities and public stakeholders, to share information about how priorities are being set and decisions will be made.
- Produce results that restore the environment, while maintaining local community needs.
- Provide access to resources, information, and training, so that all stakeholders are able to participate in decision-making.
Computer-aided negotiation
a project-management tool that illustrates the relationships among all the activities involved in completing a project and identifies the sequence of activities likely to take the longest to complete
ZBB
zero-based budgeting
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
Based on the concept of at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core. As of 2013, OMB defined and delineated 388 MSAs. A typical MSA is centered on a single large city that wields substantial influence over the region. However, some MSAs contain more than one large city.
1937 Housing Act
Viewed as a progressive bill that established a permanent public housing program in the U.S. Section 8 of the act authorized the payment of rental housing assistance to private landlords. Section 8 also authorized “project-based” rental assistance programs where the owner reserves some or all of the units in a building for low-income tenants.
Fifth Amendment
Provides that “no person shall be…deprived of…property, without due process of law; Nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.
Norman Krumholz
Equity planning
Top 5 Household Surveys
American Community Survey; American Housing Survey; Current Population Survey; National Crime Victimization Survey; National Health Interview Survey
AASHTO Functional Classification System
Functional classification is the process by which streets and highways are grouped into classes, or systems, according to the character of traffic service that they are intended to provide. There are three highway functional classifications: arterial, collector, and local roads.
Collector Street
Provide a moderate amount of land access, distribute travel to smaller areas, and interconnect major roads.
Environmental Justice
Bill Clinton - 1994
EPA executive order 12898 -Federal actions to address environmental justice in minority populations and low-income populations.
Purpose to focus federal attention on environmental and human health effects of federal actions on minority and low-income populations with the goal of achieving environmental protection for all communities.
Audience Response System
Instant polling software used in conjunction with a slide presentation. A USB receiver/base station retrieves data provided by an audience using wireless hand-held devices and stores this information on the presenters computer. Some ARS programs offer the option of participating in the processes via personal cell phones or laptops. The most obvious benefit of ARS is the change to receive instant and accurate feedback from the audience. The feedback is assumed to represent honest opinions because answers are anonymous.
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
According to the act, the rezoning process includes:
- submittal of zoning application. 2. application reviewed by staff. 3. notice given of planning commission hearing. 4. staff report created. 5. planning commission hearing. 6. planning commission recommendation. 7. Recommendation forwarded to governing body. 8. notice given of governing body public hearing. 9. governing body public hearing occurs. 10. governing body decision.
Federal Definition of Homelessness
A person who lacks a fixed, regular nighttime residence…and has a primary night residency that is: a shelter or “a public or private place not designed for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings.”
Fire Ratings
Based on distance to nearest fire station and availability of water to service a fire.
Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
Gross floor area/buildable area
Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Concept
Identifies 5,000-9,000 residents with a density of 10 units per acre and a school at the center and buildings around the edges for shopping
Cost-Revenue Analysis
Takes into account anticipated revenues and expected expenditures in capital and recurring sources.
Percentage of Multigenerational Households
In 2009, 16.7% of population lived in multigenerational households based on ACS data.
Climate Change 5 Strategic Points of Intervention
Long-range goal setting
Plan making
Standards, policies, and incentives
Public investment
Development work
Satisficing
Herbert Simon
A decision-making strategy that entails searching through the available alternatives until an acceptability threshold is met.
National Rate of Homeownership
According to 2010 census, 65% of residential units are owner-occupied.
Columbia, Maryland
in 1963, The Rouse Company began the development of the 14,000 acre master planned development. It was developed to provide jobs, recreation, shopping, health care, and a mix of housing at different price points. Designed to create a jobs housing balance.
- Master planned community
- Prior land assembly
- Neighborhood clusters
Colocation Facility
Allows businesses to rent storage space for servers and other equipment. It provides space, power, cooling, and physical security for the networking equipment for many different companies.
Nonsampling error
Relates to things that can happen that create unreliable data
Detroit Vacant Lots
Detroit has approximately 70,000 vacant lots making up approximately 27% of the land area.
Traffic Volume Measurement
Average Daily Traffic (ADS) - number of vehicles that travel on a road in any given day
Number of Acres of Land per Household to Feed US Population
Two acres to feed a household of four using bio-intensive method of agriculture.
Nuisance Laws
Prior to comprehensive zoning ordinances, local governments used these to ensure property owners were able to have the quiet enjoyment of their land.
Biophilic Design
Brings humans and nature together through sustainable strategies, which can include lighting, ventilation, access to water and natural elements.
Dillon’s Rule
1872, Judge Dillon found that local governments are subordinate to the state and are only authorized to perform actions permitted by the state.
Home Rule
Authorized home rule jurisdictions the authority to pass regulations without express authorization from the state.
Planning Agency Organization
Subject Area: transportation, land use, housing
Functional Approach: planning, regulations, information systems, investment, policy
Legal Status: legislative functions (planning, code writing), quasi-judicial (regulatory), enforcement (permit administration)
Saul Alinsky
1909-1972
Community organizer and activist. Founded the Industrial Areas Foundation in Chicago. An influential writer who wrote Feveille for Radicals (1946) and Rules for Radicals (1972), which are important statements of community organizing.
National Marriage Rates
Just over half of adults age 18 and older were married in 2010, compared with 72% in 1960. Only 20% of 18-29 year old’s were married in 2010 vs. 59% in 1960.
Location Quotient
Score lower than 1 means importing employment
Score greater than 1 means exporting employment
Arterial Street
Limits direct access to homes and businesses
Hectare
Metric unit of square measure. 2.47 acres in a hectare
Economic Base Analysis
looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, while non-basic activities are those that are locally oriented. The exporting (basic) industries make up the economic base of a region.
Communicative Planning Theory
Consensus building
Rational Planning
using a scientific process to plan
Incremental Planning
viewing planning as a series of incremental steps
Transactive Planning
Working one on one with citizens to develop a plan associated with transactive planning.
Average width of parking space in a parking lot
9’
Neighborhood Planning Process
- Engage the public
- Define the problems
- Present the necessary information
- Identify goals
Change Interval
The amount of time between messages on a digital sign. The Federal Highway Administration recommends a change interval of 4-10 seconds.
First Amendment
Freedom of speech
14th Amendment
due process
Fiscal Impact Analysis
tool that compares the local government costs against local government revenues associated with development policies and projects. This method is best used for a single development project to determine the revenues and expenses of the project.
Zoning and Subdivision Regulations
Enabled by state statues
Heat Map
(or kernel density map) shows areas of elevated concentrations
Beneficiary assessment
Used by the World Bank and other development organizations to make sure a project beneficiaries can provide insights on how a project will affect them, particularly the poor and those without political power. The technique solicits qualitative information about the development activity. This can include interviews, focus groups, and participant observations.
Henry Wright
designed Radburn, NJ (“town in which people could live peacefully with the automobile-or rather in spite of it”)
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
The court held the state law that prevented plaintiff from constructing homes on his coastal lots because they were located in a coastal zone, constituted a taking requiring just compensation because there was no reasonably economically viable use of the property.
Metromedia v. City of San Diego
1981 - the city passed an ordinance that banned off-premise signage. Metromedia filed suit alleging this a violation of free speech (First Amendment) and violated due process (14th Amendment). The court found that commercial and non-commercial speech cannot be treated differently and that the ordinance gave preferential treatment to commercial speech.
Chicane
A short, shallow S-shaped turn that requires drivers to turn slightly left and then right again to stay on the road which results in slowing down speeds. Chicanes are most effective when there are volumes of traffic that are similar from both approaches.
Diagonal parking
Can reduce traffic speeds, but best applied in non-residential areas.
Roundabouts
intended to slow traffic while increasing traffic efficiency
Speed hump
Have to be placed continuously along a road to be effective in keeping speeds low
Concurrency requirement
development cannot occur until capital improvements are in place
Housing affordability
The ratio of median housing price to median income shows how affordable or unaffordable a community may be. A ratio of greater than 2.5 would indicate that the housing may be unaffordable.
Coupon rate
the interest for bonds, notes, and other securities.
Kelo v City of New London
Eminent domain case: Local governments may force the sale of private property and make way for private economic development when officials decide it would benefit the public. This case found the interpretation of public use is broad
Drosscape
urban design framework that examines urbanized regions as the product of past economic and industrial processes. The concept developed by Alan Berger focuses on the redesign and adaptive reuse of waste landscapes within regions.
Golden v. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo
1972, New York
Adequate public facilities (timing controls)
The city can require developers to obtain a special permit for residential development, the issuance of which is dependent on the town’s provision of specified services and facilities; it is not a temporary takings either.
The court won’t uphold growth moratoria, but it is permissible to guide development along a predetermined course. The city had done a lot of study and had developed a capital plan.
John Friedmann
Transactive planning
Adverse possession
A method of acquiring title to a property by possession of time, based on statute.
Squatters rights
squatters typically do not have a right to the title of the property but cannot be removed without due process.
Homesteading
occurs when the land has no legal owner or is owned by the government. The government can allow homesteading with an expectation that the person occupying the property will undertake specific actions to gain the title.
Adverse abandonment
associated with acquiring land abandoned by a railroad
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
requires that religious freedom not be interrupted by treating churches with stronger requirements than other like uses.
Charles Lindblom
incrementalism
Nectow v. City of Cambridge
1928, US Supreme Court
Zoning is not without limits
If there is an invasion of property rights without clear evidence of public benefit, the ordinance is unlawful. Public health, safety, morals, or general welfare should show benefit.
Case involves zoning parcel as a buffer between industrial and residential - zoning reduced value of land.
Urbanized Areas (UAs) and Urban Clusters (UCs)
Form the urban cores of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, respectively. Each metropolitan statistical area will contain at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more people; each micropolitan statistical area will contain at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 and less than 50,000 people. Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas represent the county-based functional regions associated with urban centers (hence, the generic term “core based statistical areas”)
Indian Reorganization Act
1934 - allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare.
Business Improvement District
provide funds to clean the sidewalks, police the streets, and keep up the appearance of the downtown. Property owners agree to an increase in the district’s tax rate, and the revenue from the tax increase is used to fund improvements inside the district.
Inclusionary Zoning
usually practiced in urban areas, this is planning communities and developments that will provide housing to all income brackets. Inclusionary zoning ordinances often require any new housing construction to include a set percentage of affordable housing units.
Distributed housing unit method
an allocation method that uses housing units, occupancy rate, and household size to estimate the size of a population.
Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21)
provides funding for passenger rail, public transit, bicycle, and pedestrian paths
Lease-purchase
allows for the rental of a building or property with the exclusive option to purchase at specified points in the agreement
1901 Tenement Act
banned construction of poorly ventilated, dark and unsanitary housing. Stipulated that buildings had to have outward facing windows in every room, open courtyard, indoor toilets and fire escapes- egress.
Renewable Power
broad and can include hydroelectric, solar, wind, biomass, etc.
Associated Home Builders of Greater East Bay v. City of Livermore
related to when building permits could be developed based on the availability of infrastructure.
Mugler v. Kansas
- 1887
- Forced closing of a brewery without compensation, ruling held in court in order to protect the “health and safety” of the community, required no compensation
CORBOR
National Corridor Planning and Development Program and the Coordinated Boarder Infrastructure Program provided funding between 1999 and 2005 but was discontinued under the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program.
Charrette
type of participatory planning process that assembles an interdisciplinary team - typically consisting of planners, citizens, city officials, architects, landscape architects, transportation engineers, parks and recreation officials, and other stakeholders - to create a design and implementation plan for a specific project. It is design based and usually compressed into a short period of time.
Nominal Group Technique
allows for brainstorming allowing for all members of a group to meaningfully participate. There are silent times allowing for idea generation followed by individual sharing of ideas.
Arbitration
Form of dispute resolution. In arbitration an independent third party marked a judicial determination of a dispute. Arbitration is commonly used in union contract disputes.
Stratified Sample
This sample has the population divided into strata according to variables that are thought to be related to the variables of interest. Then a sample is taken from every stratum. This is intended to reduce sampling error because the strata are related to the variables of interest - in this case, housing values.
