AICP Deck 4 Flashcards
Harris & Ullman
They proposed in 1945 that urban areas grow by the progressive integration of a number of seperate nuclei, which become specialized & differentiated (Multiple Nuclei Theory)
Capital Improvement Plan (CIP)
Multi-year scheduling of public physical improvements based on fiscal analysis and population projections; Typically covers next 5 - 6 year period; Addresses long-term community needs
At what benchmark does housing become unaffordable?
30% of gross income goes toward mortgage payments
John Muir: Major contribution?
Founded Sierra Club in 1892 to promote protection and preservation of the natural environment
The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
prohibited the construction of any bridge, dam, dike, or causeway over any navigable waterway in the U.S. without Congressional approval.
These are linear stretches of open situated along both natural features (streams, rivers, ridglines) and manmade features. Systems can be used to connect multiple wildlife habitats or to create water quality buffers that filter runoff and prevent pollu.
Greenways
Civilian Conservation Corps: Year, purpose?
Created in 1933 to provide work for unemployed youth and preserve natural resources
What is the value assigned to a piece of property by a municipality for real estate purposes called?
assessed valuation (not the same as a market valuation)
A capital improvement budget includes those facilities that are planned for construction in which of the following time spans?
1 year
What does this case address: FCC v Florida Power
Takings claim; utility rents
What year was the first dumbbell tenement was built
1879
Rachel Carson (1907-1964)
Wrote Silent Spring in 1962 about conservation and the environmental problems caused by pesticides leading to a nationwide ban on DDT and other pesticides.
When were the Standard state zoning enabling act and the Standard City Planning enabling act and the issued? Who issued it and when?
In 1924, Secretary Herbert Hoover, of the U.S. Department of Commerce, issued the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act.
What is an annexation?
process by which unincorporated county land is incorporated into an existing district or municipality
Dillon’s Rule
Municipal governments only have the powers that are expressly granted to them by the state legislature, those that are necessarily implied from that grant of power, and those that are essential and indispensable to the municipality’s existence
How does the National Flodd Insurance Program (NFIP) limit extent of possible damage due to flooding?
NFIP requires homes in designated floodplain to be elevated & businesses in flood hazard locations to be elevated or flood-proofed
What are the two major factors impacting air quality (beside pollutants)?
Temperature and wind speed; ozone (smog) builds up in head and humidity
“What do ““inclusionary ordinances”” require?”
Set-aside of land or money to construct affordable housing, within a subdivision or elsewhere in the community
Alfred Bettman
“first president of ASPO, key founders of modern urban planning, Euclid vs Ambler. With Ladislas Segoe on the ““Cincinnati Plan.”” ““Capital Improvements Budget.”””
Clarence Perry
Neighborhood Unit - The Regional Survey of NY and its Environs, 1929
location quotient
it is basically a way of quantifying how concentrated a particular industry, cluster, occupation, or demographic group is in a region as compared to the nation.
What is an easement?
Acquisition or control of a portion of property rights by someone other than the landowner
Highest population density according to the 2000
New York has a population density of 10,292 people per kilometer. San Francisco has a density of 6,423 per kilometer.
Spur Industries v. Del Webb Development (DWD) 1972
Feedlot was determined to be a public nuisance. For a business to be a public nuisance there must be a populous in which people are injured.A business must also be protected from the knowing encroachment of others.
What year was the first model tenement was built in New York City
1855
Moderate income households
Earn between 80-120% of Area Median Income.
1975, Emergency Housing Act
HUD gave short term mortgage assistance for temp unemployed or underemployed
Theodore Roosevelt: Year, contribution?
Took office in 1901; staunch supporter of burgeoning conservationist movement
What analysis would generate results indicating the community’s population cohorts?
Analysis of housing demand
Ethics: Rules of conduct:
1) Provide adequate, timely, clear and accurate info, 2) must not advocate opposing positions, 3) must not take unfair advantage of a sitaution, 4) Avoid conflict of interest of appearance thereof
The Land Ordinance of 1785
provided for rectangular land survey of Old Northwest.completed following the end of the Revolutionary War.provided systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public.established sections and townships.goal to raise money through the sale of land
Urbanized Areas
An area consisting of at least one central place and adjacent territory, with a general population density of at least 1,000 people/square mile of land area and a minimum residential population of at least 50,000 people
Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs, 1928
Viewed land use as a function of accessibility
What are the eight elements to a strategic plan?
1 Needs analysis, 2. ID results, determine long-term objectives, 3 SWOT, 4 involve stakeholders, 5 Dev and Eval Alternatives, 6 ID role of city, 7 Develop funding policy, 8 Evaluate performance
What is performance zoning?
focuses on intensity of development that is acceptable & its impact on the environment
What established ripeness doctrine?
partly the 1985 Williamson County REgional Planning Commission v Hamilton Bank decision of US Supreme Court
How many feet in a mile?
5,280 feet = 1 mile
Inferential Statistics
determine characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population. We infer things about the population based on what is observed in the sample.
NAACP v Township of Mount Laurel (Mt Laurel II),
“1983 NJ SC. Due to noncompliance with prior decision, established criteria for determining fair share in growth areas. ““Affirmative measure”” included removal of restrictive barriers, density bounses, mandatory set asides and mobile home zoning.”
Location Quotient
is the formulat for computing basic and non-basic industries.
Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo
Recognized growth phasing programs. AFPO’s
What percentage of a normal distribution is included between two standard deviations above and below the mean?
95.00%
Continuous Variables
can have an infinite number of values
In what year did the Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART) begin?
The BART rail system began in 1972 in San Francisco.
Aquifer
one or more strata of rock or sediment that is saturated and sufficiently permeable to yield economically significant quantities of water to wells or springs. An aquifer includes any geologic material that is currently used or could be used as a source of
Confidence Interval
A range of values around a sample statistic; the population parameter is expected to be within that interval
What are the characteristics of a healthy city?
clean, safe physical environment; stable & sustainable ecosystem; high degree of public participation; mtg basic needs for food, water, shelter, & work; vital economy; & optimal level of health care
Small Scale Map
Shows a large land area with little detail.
What are bimodal numbers?
A grouping of numbers that has two or more modes. Example: (1,1,2,2,3,3)
tract development
the construction of similar residential units over large areas
What is interval data?
Ratio data has an ordered relationship and equal intervals. Distance is an example of ratio data because 3.2 miles is twice as long as 1.6 miles. Any form of central tendency can be used for this type of data.
Who wrote design with nature? when? what is it about?
Design with Nature by Ian McHarg, published in 1969. This book focuses on conservation design.
North American Industry Classification System
The industry classification system that replaced the SIC system. The Census uses these numbers to crunch economic data.
What book did Richard Babcock write in 1969?
The Zoning Game
The Supreme Court in Nectow v. City of Cambridge dealt with which of the following issues?
Zoning
What theory is Charles Lindblom associated with?
Incrementalism. It is a method of working by adding to a project using many small (often unplanned), incremental changes instead of a few (extensively planned) large jumps.
Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
Was adopted in 1972 to provides funding for coastal state programs designed to coordinate and regulate specific activities within defined coastal zones
What is another name for fiscal impact analysis?
Cost-Revenue analysis
NYC Tenement House Law (1897)
Required buildings to provide only narrow airshaft btwn adjacent structures and only two toilets on each floor (called dumbbell tenements bc of their shape)
Design with Nature 1969
This book was written by Ian McHarg and encouraged environmentally conscious approach to land use. It used transparent map overlays which were the predecessor to the use of GIS today.
Who was the first full-time planner for a United States city?
Newark hired Bartholomew, making him at age twenty-four the first full-time municipally employed city planner in the United States.
Economic Base Analysis
looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, while non-basic activities are those that are locally oriented. The exporting (basic) industries make up the economic base of a region.
Agins v. City of Tiburon
Taking: The question in this case was whether the ordinances took Agins’ property without just compensation. The U. S. Supreme Court affirmed the zoning ordinances did not on their face effect an uncompensated taking.
What year was the Americans with Disabilities Act passed
1990
Dolan v City of Tigard (1994)
US Supreme Court, Takings, commission required Dolan to maintain greenway on hardware store property; Ruling in favor of Dolan, established principle of rational nexus for regulatory action
1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act
1st Farm Bill. New Deal leg. Introduced price support, production adjustments, and commodity loans.
Community Development Planning Elements
Citizen participation. Local residents lead community improvements and include professional advice. Collaboration of citizens with local leaders to understand and address community needs.
Grand Coulee Dam: Year, location, significance?
1941; Columbia River in Washington State; largest concrete structure in U.S.; for irrigation, power and flood control
City of Boerne v. Flores 1997
This Case challenged the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. The Supreme Court ruled that the act is an unconstitutional exercise of congressional powers that exceeded the enforcement powers of the fourteenth amendment.
Clean Air Act - 1970
nitrogen, oxide, carbon monoxide, lead, sulfur dioxide, ozone and particulates - six key regulated pollutants. created NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards. (National)
Jane Addams
1889, Chicago - founded Hull House a settlement house. Attracted educated middle-class people to live in poor urban neighborhoods to provide social and educational services.
City of Monterey v. Del Monte Dunes at Monterey Ltd. 1999
SC upheld award in favor of developmer after city’s repeated denials of a development permit for a 190-unit residential complex on ocean front property.Court found repeated denials of permits deprived the owner of all economically viable use of land
Calvin Coolidge US President (1923-1929)
First Issue of City Planning 1925 In 1925, the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning published the first issue of City Planning, the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association.
Location Quotient (LQ)
Measure [ ] of industry in local area compared to regional area.
Delphi technique
Used to develop consensus between two or more groups that are in conflict. Develop goals & objectives. Group facilitation skills.
State v. Baker 1979
The court determined that a municipality cannot utilize criteria based on biological or legal relationships in able to limit the types of groups that may live within its borders.
NRCS Soil Survey
The Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey maps identify soil types.
“How many acres of ““prime agricultural land”” in the U.S.?”
240 million acres (25% is in metro areas)
Kelo v City of New London (2005)
Eminent domain
When was the APA created and what two organizations joined to form it?
In 1978, the American Planning Association was created through a merger of AIP and ASPO.
Modified Exponential
Pop Estimate. Aassumes there is a cap to the change and that at some point the growth will slow or stop, resulting in a curved line.
What book did TJ Kent write? when?
The Urban General Plan by TJ Kent, published in 1964.
What is a market feasibility study?
evaluates demand for particular types of development as well as potential costs of a development project & the potential for profit given market conditions
Land Ordinance of 1785
Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Northwest Territory, subdividing land into townships of six square miles. The ordinance was the first standard for the subdivision of land in the United States.
Construction Industry of Sonoma County v. City of Petaluma; U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit (1975)
The Court upheld quotas on the annual number of building permits issued.
What is per capita daily solid waste production?
4.4 lbs/person (40% paper, 18% yard trimmings, 7% food scraps; 8% plastics)
Housing Act of 1954
Established Section 701 planning grants to local govts
Nominal Group Technique
PI. Group process uses problem identification, solution generation, and decision making that can be used for groups of any size that want to come to a decision by vote. Participants then rank the solutions. The solution with the highest ranking wins.
Fasano v. Board of County Commissioners of Washington County
Required zoning to be consistent with comprehensive plans and recognized that rezonings may be quasi-judicial as well as legislative.
Non-Basic Activities
Locally oriented.
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) (1998)
Successor to ISTEA; added new initiatives for improving safety, protecting natural environment, advancing economic growth and competitiveness; emphasized transit as alt to highway expansion
What was the Oregaon Land Use Act?
created statewide planning system 7 required identification of urban growth boundaries separating urban from rural areas
What was the first major US city to adopt a comp plan? Who produced it and when?
In 1925, The City of Cincinnati was the first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan, produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe.
Berman v Parker (1954)
Eminent domain, Department store, Established aesthetics and redevelopment as a valid purpose for exercising eminent domain; Public ownership of land not the sole way to promote public purpose;
What does an aerobic organism require for survival?
Free oxygen
Cincinnati Plan 1925
Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe, was the first to be officially adopted by a major American City. It was broader than previous plans, including information about housing, recreation, garbage, schools and financing.
Shift-share analysis
Use to compare and contrast growth rates among industrial sectors; Used to distinguish btwn the effices of national and local economic trends
recovery planning
know how the community will respond in teh weeks & months following a hazard event
How many housing units per census block?
Census Block is the smallest level at which the Census data is collected. There are typically 400 housing units per block.
What is the Symptomatic Method of population projection and estimation?
It uses available data to estimate the current population. For instance, the avg household size is 2.5 according to the U.S. Census. If 100 new single-family building permits are issued this yr, approximately 250 new people will be added to the community.
Community shopping center
100,000 sf to 450,000 sf range 150,000 sf average mid-size department store or discount store as major tenant
“In what federal environmental law is the term ““potentially responsible parties”” (PRPs) used?”
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) identifies potentially responsible parties for environmental contamination.
response planning
know how the community will respond in the immediate aftermath of a hazard event
In this case, the respondent argued that the city had violated telecommunications act by discriminating against a commercial enterprise:
City of Rancho Palos Verdes established that there are administrative procedures to remedy violations of the telecommunications act and that an individual cannot force compliance.
Greenbelt towns
Gov’t sponsored towns based on Garden Cities in 1930s; Greenhills, OH; Greendale, WI; Greenbelt, MD
1982 Coastal Barrier Resources Act
Designated undeveloped coastal barrier islands. Ineligible for direct or indirect federal assistance to support development, i.e. flood insurance (State, Regional)
Manufactured Housing Improvement Act 2000
The act established installation and building standards for manufactured homes.
Impact fee / linkage fee
Sometimes assess on new commercial or industrial development to address new need for affordable housing triggered by additional workers
“What does ““fee simple”” mean?”
Someone owns land outright, with all rights associated with land ownership
New York City Zoning Resolution 1916
The first zoning ordinance in the US was enacted in New York primarily to stop massive buildings such as the Equitable Building from preventing light and air from reaching the streets below. The ordinance covered the entire city and controlled land use, b
A Theory of Transactive Planning 1973
“John Friedmann-where the planner meets with individuals in the community to discuss issues. Through a process of ““mutual learning”” the planner shares technical knowledge, while the citizen provide community knowledge. “
Spur Industries v Del E Webb Dev Co (1972)
Preexisting feedlot became a nuisance for a newer residential area; state court of appeals ruled that feedlot should move to accommodate addtl urban dev; dev’rs required to pay expenses and damages
1964 Housing Act
Section 312 included funding for home rehab loans. Gave assistance to moderate income households.
Year and purpose of the Civil Rights Act?
In 1964, the Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination based on race, creed, and national origin in places of public accommodation.
Standard City Planning Enabling Act 1928
The Act, outlined the powers of municipal planning commissions and required the adoption of a master plan by local governing bodies.
What is an environmental impact statement?
EIS are for federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. If the environmental assessment determines that there is a significant impact, then an environmental impact statement is required.
Natural Resources Planning Board: Year, purpose?
1939; Prepare comprehensive plans for public works; abolished in 1943
What Act of Congress gave public land to each stateto be sold for the establishment of “engineering,agriculture, and military sciences” colleges?
The Morril Act of 1862
Robert Lang
2002, Edgeless Cities. dominant urban form with large isolated suburban complexes not accessible by pedestrians.
Baby Boomers
People born between 1946 and 1964.
The State of Pennsylvania Supreme Court upheld the use of planned unit developments first in which case?
Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope. The Court in 1968 found that planned unit developments are acceptable if the regulations focus on density requirements rather than specific rules for each lot.
Low Income Housing Tax Credit 1986
Tax credit created under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 gives incentives for the utilization of private equity in development of affordable housing. Enabled nonprofit organizations to raise construction funds by selling tax credits
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
reated a $1.6 billion superfund to clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites and requires major industries to report annual releases of toxic wastes into the air, water, or ground.
Concentric Ring Theory 1925
Ernest Burgess-urban areas grew outward as a series of concentric rings. center of town will have highest number of customers so it is profitable for retail. Manufacturing will pay less for land as they are only interested in access of workers.
“Who wrote ““Modern Housing”””
Catherine Bauer, in 1934
This Act was passed in 1935 by US Congress?
The Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act. Provided for the Secretary of the Interior to identify and restore qualified historic sites and properties.
Non-basic industry
Service Industry.
Who is Patrick Geddes?
Authored Cities in Evolution published in 1915. This book centers on regional planning
World’s Columbian Exposition 1893
“Daniel Burnham designed the fairgrounds in Chicago using principles of the City Beautiful movement. The fair came to be known as the ““White City”” because of the bright white painted buildings. “
Air Quality Control pollutants (6)
Ozone Particulate Matter Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Dioxide Sulfur Dioxide Lead
Describe the unique groundwater threat posed by Karst geology?
Carbonate rocks (limestone and dolostone) are somewhat soluble in water; circulating groundwater can create large pore spaces and conduits of water; large objects can be transmitted over long distances; filtration effects are minimal
How large is a Traffic Analysis Zone?
Typically the size of a census tract
Who wrote The Last Landscape (1959)?
William H. Whyte, coined the term greenway
What is a CDP, according to the US Census?
A Census Designated place is recognized similar to a city, but it is not incorporated. Examples include a number of major master planned communities in unincorporated areas.
What is cost effectiveness analysis?
An analysis done to find the most cost effective alternative plans.
Lingle v. Chevron (2005)
“Jettisoned the ““substantially advances”” test for takings”
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
Cap and trade system for SO2 and allowed EPA to withhold fed funds from metro areas that fail standards. Set limits on pollutants. Required states to create State Implementation Program (SIP) for failing metro areas. (Ex: State, Regional)
Management by Objective (MBO)
Drucker; Establishes overarching objectives using a collaborative process; 1) Determination and communication of organizational goals; 2) interpretation and definition of those goals into performance objectives for individuals; and 3) the measurement of p
What is the land area that contributes recharge immediately adjacent to a public water supply well?
Zone of influence; most heavily regulated portion of recharge area; often a 400 foot radius (12 acres)
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
Core area (city of >50,000 or Urbanized Area with at >100,000 people) with large population nucleus and adjacent communities with a high degree of economic and social integration with that core; May include 1 or more counties
Clean Air Act 1970
Implemented to protect public health and welfare by limiting air pollution emissions and exposure to ambient air pollutants.
An appeal to a zoning board of appeals decision would be most likely filed with whom?
State superior level court
What did the Indian Reorganization Act provide for?
The 1934 Act allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare.
Radburn, NJ 1928
Designed by Stein and Wright, the city was inspired by Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City Concept. It was the forerunner in the New Deal’s Greenbelt Towns.
Common citizen surveys
Mailed-inexpensive but slow, telephone-fast,cheaper but some no phone & must have interviewers, in-person-works well but very expensive & could be bias.
Norman Krumholtz
Chief of Planning in Cleveland 1969-1979 (AICP code of ethics?); Strong proponent of equity planning (working to serve those with few, if any, choices including poor and minority residents; President of APA 1986-7
1998 TEA-21, Transportation Equity Act 21st Century
Successor to ISTEA, included new initiatives like traffic safety, protecting env, advancing economic growth with more competitive and flexible transportation. Emphasized public transit.
Only map to cover the entire US in detail
USGS topographic map
1 acre = X sq ft
43,560 sq ft
“What case established the ““total takings”” test for a regulatory taking requiring compensation?”
1992, Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
Walter Christaller
Central place therory: size and distribution of towns. HEXAGONAL SHAPE.
Name the three Garden Cities designed and built under Roosevelt’s new deal?
Greenhill, OhioGreendale, WisconsinGreenbelt, Maryland
How do PSTFs work and where are they used?
PSTFs use a combination of bio-mechanical treatment unit and subsurface discharge, and are used in residential subdivisions and small commercial/industrial developments.
What is fiscal impact analysis?
Fiscal impact analysis generally refers to efforts to estimate the budgetary effects of various types of land uses on local governmental jurisdictions or other local service providers.
The National Environmental Policy Act
of 1969 (NEPA) The Act requires that the environmental impacts of a project be considered. An Environmental Assessment is required to determine whether there is a significant environmental impact.
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) is responsible for coordinating which federal programs?
National Environmental Policy Act Clean Air Act Clean Water Act Farm Bill Conservation
Cohort Survival Method
Pop Estimate. Uses the current population plus natural increase and net migration to calculate a future population. The population is calculated for men and women in specific age groups. Population pyramids. Most accurate population projection.
Is a city uses a on-map system how does the map function?
as both the master plan map & the regulatory zoning map
TIP
Transportation Improvement Program: FHWA requires this of MPO’s: lists all projects for which federal funds are anticipated, estimated costs and schedules
Associated Home Builders of Greater East Bay v. City of Livermore 1976
The Court upheld temporary moratoriums on building permits.
What is ripeness doctrine?
claim is ready for judicial review only after a property owner has sought all possible relief through variance or condemnation procedures
Depreciation
an accounting method of allocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life.
In 1928 the U.S. Department of Commerce passed the __________________ Act.
The Standard City Enabling Act
Focus Groups
Representative sample of a community. Facilitated in an informal setting directed toward a specific subject.
What are general slope guidelines for urban development?
0-0.5% = no drainage, not suited for dev 0.5-1% = no problems, ideal for all types of dev 1-3% = slight prob for lrg com areas acceptable for res 3-5% = mjr prob for com/ind/lrg scale residential; 5-10% = suitable only for specially designed development.
To whom is the planner’s primary obligation?
To service the public interest
Local transportation plans
looks at circulation, transportation, and public transit.
What is typically included in a zoning ordinance?
definitions, general provisions, delineation of zoning districts, & administration and enforcement guidelines
What is a zoning map based on?
future land use map (not existing)
What are the three steps in PPBS?
Organized by program (not functional object); extends programs into future to look at spending implications; all programs are put through quantitative analysis
The Edwards Aquifer in Texas is an example of what type?
Karst (limestone) aquifer
Civilian Conservation Corp. 1933
FDR formed the Civilian Conservation Corp. as a public work relief program for men. The purpose was to releave high unemployment stemming from the great depression and to focus on natural resource conservation. Ended in 1942
Wacker’s Manual if the Plan of Chicago 1912
In 1912, Walter Moody published Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago, adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.
French Quarter (Vieux Carre) 1921
Designated the first historic preservation commission in 1921 with the purpose of preserving the commercial tourism value of the area.
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
Uses computer-based info and sensing technologies to improve traffic coordination, system capacity and safety (i.e. freeway message signs, coordinated signals, automated toll collection)
What are the six transects?
Natural, rural, sub-urban, general urban, urban center, urban core
Who is responsible for the development process?
private sector generally
transect zoning standards
different 3-D standards for hierarchy of uses from rural to urban
What is Management by Objectives (MBO)?
MBO is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an org so that mgmt and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are. MBO term was first popularized by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book ‘The Practice of Management’.
Landslide Mitigation Measures
ord req a geologic review to eval stab of hillside before approv bldg perm;requires dev. to obtain grading permits; allow cluster dev. to avoid steep slopes;reduce int. of dev. thru reg. est. max. density, max. lot coverage, min parcel size or min s/bck
What is The Federal Property Administration Act of 1949?
The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 is a United States federal law that established the General Services Administration which is responsible for managing, acquiring, and disposing of federal property.
According to, The Practice of Local Government Planning, what three steps does the plan making process include?
- Goals and visions; 2. Analysis of current problems, and 3. Creation and evaluation of alternatives.
“What is the ““push analysis””?”
A push analysis determines if the introduction of a new business will generate additional customers.
What book initiated the Garden City movement? Who wrote it and when was it published?
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform by Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898. This book initiated the Garden City movement.
Techniques to provide more affordable housing
Inclusionary Zoning, Fee-in-Lieu, Impact fee,
What was the significance of 1978, TVA v. Hill?
Endangered Species Act: Secretary of the Interior has the authority to decide if a federal activity threatens or endangers a listed species; halted the $100 m. Tellico Dam project for the Tennessee snail darter
Cluster development/cluster zoning
May protect green space by allowing higher density development on some sections of a parcel of land and non on other sections of the parcel
What do flood maps (FEMA) show?
boundaries of land that has at least 1% chance of flooding in any given yr & may show expected depth of flooding
Andres Duany
New Urbanism advocate.
What kind of analysis would generate results indicating home ownership or rental patterns?
Analysis of housing supply
Who wrote Cities in Evolution? when was it written and what is the book about?
Cities in Evolution by Patrick Geddess, published in 1915. This book centers on regional planning
The case Spur vs. Webb discussed what doctrine?
Coming to the nuisance
What are subdivsion regulations?
used to divide land into 2 or more parcels & regulate the lcoation & design of supporting infrastructure
Shift-share analysis
Compares and contrasts growth rates among industrial sectors, and to distinguish the effects of national and local economic trends.
Sinkholes & Subsidence Mitigation measures
require min. setback & avoid development where sinkhole or subsidence is likely
Who created advocacy planning?
Paul Davidoff
What map is useful in illustrating aerial relationships?
USGS orthophoto quads provide aerial photography for selected locations.
Average Per Capita Method
Divides the total local budget by the existing population in a city to determine the average per-capita cost for the jurisdiction. Type of Fiscal Impact Analysis
What is upzoning?
term may be used to mean rezoning in which higher density development is allowed
Who must review & approve hazard mitigation plan?
a federal agency to establish eligibility to receive certain grant funds
floodplain zoning ordinances
municipal laws that restrict future building in floodplains
What is location quotient?
a ratio that compares a region to a larger reference region according to some characteristic or asset. A score lower than one means importing employment and greater than one means exporting employment
What does the 14th Amendment address?
Due process, substantive due process, procedural due process, equal protection
CORBOR
The National Corridor Planning and Development Program and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program provided funding between 1999 and 2005, but was discontinued under SAFETEA-LU
What is APFO?
Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance or concurrency Regulations
Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas 1974
The Court found that a community has the power to control lifestyle and values. The court upheld a regulation that prohibited more than two unrelated individuals from living together as a single family.
National Historic Preservation Act 1966
established the National Register of Historic Places and created the National Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. It requires Federal agencies to evaluate the impact of all Federally funded or permitted projects on historic properties
Wagner-Steagall Housing Act (1937)
Created public housing administration, and empowered and funded local housing authorities to construct and operate public housing as well as engage in slum clearance; Tied slum clearance to public housing
Dynamic Method
Applies statistical analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction. Type of Fiscal Impact Analysis
What aquifer underlies 20% of the irrigated lands in the U.S.?
High Plains Aquifer
How is the boundary of a wetland defined?
Wetlands include open water bodies and vegetated wetlands; many state/local rules define wetlands in their own manner
Herbert Simon coined
Satisficing
What is a surface to which water in an aquifer would rise by hydrostatic pressure called?
potentiometric surface
Broad Acre City
Frank Lloyd Wright, 9132
Catherine Bauer Wurster
founder of American housing policy. worked to reform policy related to housing and city planning.served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America.wrote Modern Housing. Influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.
The Endangered Species Act of 1973
provided protection of animal and plant species that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designate as threatened or endangered. This act was later amended in 1988
Southern Burlington NAACP v Township of Mt Laurel (1975)
NJ Supreme Court Struck down exclusionary zoning ordinance which prevented affordable housing for poor and moderate incomes. Ordered local jurisdictions to rewrite zoning to provide fair share of affordable housing.
James Rouse
Designed Columbia, Maryland. It began with the idea that a city could enhance its residents’ quality of life. 1967
Input-output model
uses a matrix representationof a nation’s (or a region’s) economy to predict the effect of changes in one industry on others and by consumers, government, and foreign suppliers on the economy.
CDC - Community Development Corporations
Local nonprofits with local residents and leaders on board. Produce housing, social services, provide programs. NeighborWorks.
Young v. American Mini Theaters, Inc.,
Opened up the possibility to control pornography via land use.
What is the largest concrete structure in the US?
Grand Coulee Dam, on the Columbia River in central Washington State, buildt for irrigation, electric power generation, and flood control
what did the first zoning ord cover?
entire city & controlled land use, bldg. height, & setbacks
What does Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems focus on?
PPBS is focused on planning through accomplishing goals set by a department.
What Federal Department is theNational Register of Historic Places found?
The National Park Service
What was the first comprehensive housing legislation in the US?
The 1949 Housing Act
Hadacheck v. Sebastian; U.S. Supreme Court (1915)
The Court first approved the regulation of the location of land uses.
Pelican Island 1903
Established by an executive order of President Theodore Roosevelt on March 14, 1903 to protect the Brown Pelican, Pelican Island was the first national wildlife refuge in the United States.
Examples of mitigation strategies
1.siting guidelines that prohibit bldg in vulenrable loc 2.design guidelines to ensure that structures are able to with stand expected wind vel 3.relocation of ex. struc. away from haz prone loc. along w/plans to use haz prone areas for public open sp.
How should communications regarding specific ethics situation be handled?
Phone or mail, not unreliable email
Fiscal zoning
is the concept that you are making land use decisions based on the fiscal impact of the community.
First National Conference on City Planning 1909
The conference, held in Washington DC in 1909, brought together the leaders of the housing and city planning movements.
Equity Planning
Gov. Planners should try to reallocate public/private resources to disavantaged
What is standard deviation?
Standard Deviation is the square root of the variance.
William H. Whyte
Also wrote The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (1980)–what factors contribute to succesful urban spaces; Emphasized importance of env psychology and sociology in urban design
Citizen participation
“the process through which citizens who live and/or work in an area are actively involved in the dev of plans and recommendations”
Fannie Mae 1938
The Federal National Mortgage Association is a stockholder-owned corporation. The corporation’s purpose is to purchase and securitize mortgages in order to ensure that funds are consistently available to the institutions that lend money to home buyers.
John Muir (1838-1914)
American Naturalist who valued nature for its spiritual and transcendental qualities. Founded Sierra Club in 1892. Muir was a preservationist and Pinchot was a conservationist. Able to convince Roosevelt to conserve Yellowstone
What was Etzioni known for?
Mixed scanning theory
Daily homeless population in the US?
~600K
What is SARA and what year was it passed
CERCLA was amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) on October 17, 1986.
This seeks to reduce the danger posed to neighborhoods by high traffic volume and speed.
Traffic Calming
1949, Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft)
1st comp housing bill. 800,000 new units constructed. Focused on slum clearance, urban renewal, and new housing construction.
1966, Demonstration Cities and Metro Development Act
Model Cities Program; part of Johnson’s Great Society program. focus on community participation, social, and economic rebuilding
Ambient Air Quality Standards
the maximum air contaminant concentrations allowed in the ambient air
What is Transactive Planning
Planning Technique that relies on face to face contact and mutual learning. Planning tools are evaluated on the effect on the people and the capacity of growth through co-opertation
Central Place Theory 1933
developed by Walter Christaller-explains the size and spacing of cities. The theory states that there is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and there is a maximum range people are willing to travel to receive goods and services.
What is required by many states in return for local government property tax abatements for farmland or forest preservation?
Right of first refusal
push analysis
A push analysis determines if the introduction of a new business will generate additional customers.
Ladislas Segoe
”- Cincinnati Plan - Wrote Local Planning Administration (1941) the first ““Green Book”” - Early consultant”
What is the common range for time of travel thresholds?
2 to 50 years
What was the first state to introduce statewide zoning? When was it introduced, and when was it amended?
In 1961, Hawaii was the first state to introduce statewide zoning, which was later amended in 1978.
Plan making
A three part process includes 1) Goals and visions, 2) Analysis of current problems, & 3 Creation of alternatives.
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 1974
Covers all water used for drinking, whether above or below ground, and sets standards.
Megalopolis 1961
Jean Gottman-a book about the 300 mile long urban area between Boston and Washington D.C.
Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) 1998
successor to ISTEA.TEA-21 improved safety, protection of environment and promoted more efficient and flexible transportation systems. provided enhancement grants for improvements to scenic quality,ped and bike paths,pres of historical hwy facilities
Shift-Share Analysis
Evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of a region’s industries, Evaluates the performance of specific industries, Evaluates the mix of industries
City Council v Taxpayers for Vincent (1984)
US Supreme Court ruled that LA violated free speech by banning noncommercial signage on public property
What is visioning?
Visioning is a process whereby citizens attend a series of meetings that provide the opportunity for them to offer input on how the community could be in the future.
Palazzolo v. State of Rhode Island
U.S. Supreme Court decided that environmental protection laws prohibiting filling undeveloped salt marsh (wetlands) did not remove all economically viable use of the land and therefore this regulation was not a taking
What is a grayfield?
development on a vacant urban or suburban site that was formerly developed & is now obsolete; ex: strip mall
What is home rule?
the authority to pass regulations without express authorization from the state.
Community Right to Know Act 1986
Supports emergency planning efforts to provide the public and local governments with information concerning potential chemical hazards present in their communities. Required industries to report the amount and type of toxic substances they generate.
What is LULU?
Locally Undesirable land use, necessary but objectionable land use such as hazardous waste facility, incinerator, or landfill
Net Migration
The difference between the number of people moving in and the number of people moving out.
National Flood Insurance Act 1968
Created the National Flood Insurance Program, currently administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
Jane Jacobs - book name, date, focus of book?
The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs, published in 1961. Jacobs provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.
Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area
An area consisting of two or more overlapping or interlocking urban communities (metropolitan statistical areas) with a tot population of at least one million.
What is advocacy planning?
Advocacy planning brought planning into the public eye and assisted in recognizing the different needs of interest groups in the community.
Coupon rate
annual rate of interest paid on a bond that a borrower pays to the bond holder
Norman Krumholz
Advocate of equity planning
USGS orthophoto
An aerial photograph that has been altered in such a way that the lens distortions are removed & so that it may be scaled for mapping purposes
General Land Law Revision Act
1891 was passed by Congress. This Act provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.one of the earliest preservation efforts. Yellowstone Park was granted as part of this act
What is CAFE (1975)?
Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for light trucks and passenger cars
What is the correlation coefficient?
The Correlation Coefficient indicates the type and strength of the relationship between variables, ranging from -1 to 1. The closer to 1 the stronger the relationship between the variables.
What is a DRI?
Development of Regional Impact; large-scale development likely to have regional effects beyond local municipal boundary; some states require environmental review
Traditional Neighborhood Unit
Clarence Perry; Traditionally contains 6,000 people
Golden v Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo (1972)
Growth management; Local govts can control growth on basis that adequate public services and facilities are nec. and should preced addtl subdiv dev
What is the dominant land use in the U.S.?
Agriculture
What technique would be most effective for a community to employ as it seeks to protect its reservoir from contamination?
Purchase undeveloped land for passive conservation
The Federal Property Administration Act of 1949 was developed to
Dispose of federal property
Easement
used to secure a portion of rights associated with a parcel
What is Advocacy Planning
Founded by Paul Davidoff. Used by both Norman Krumholz and Sal Alinsky. Planners role is to advocate for the uner represented groups in the planning process. Brought back room negotiations into the open.
US Resettlement Administration 1935
Rexford Tugwell headed this new deal program which relocated struggling urban and rural families to communities planned by the federal government.
Homestead Act 1892
The act permitted settlers to claim 160-acre parcels of public land on the condition that they reside on the land for five consecutive years. 1.6m homesteads were granted and 270m acres were privatized between 1862 and 1986-10% of all lands in the US.
What is a convenience sample?
Uses individuals that are readily available.
Is an oral easement enforceable?
No; it is freely revocable. Easements should be put in writing.
Topographical map
A map that uses contour lines to portray the shape and elevation of the land. Topographic maps render the three-dimensional ups and downs of the terrain on a two-dimensional surface
Cincinnati
First city to adopt a comprehemsive plan
Who introduced the concept of Satisficing?
Herbert Simon
A volume to capacity ratio of 1 indicates which of the following?
Stop and go traffic
Confidence Interval
Gives an estimated range of values that is likely to include an unknown population parameter. The width of the confidence interval gives us an idea of how uncertain we are about the unknown parameter.
American Community Survey (ACS)
Began in 2005. Reaches 2.5% of the nation’s population each year (1 in 40 addresses, approximately 3 million households). Rotates annually so that no household receives the survey more than once every five years.
What is an easement held by a party who is NOT an abutter called?
Easement in gross. (Land trusts are typical holders of this type of easement, which grants specific rights of access or control over the property).
1991, Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
State DOTs share funding decisions with MPOs to address transit, alt forms of trans. better coord of planning and trans. created Transportation Enhancements program
What is the the difference between qualitative variables and quantitative variables?
Qualitative Variables can be nominal or ordinal, while Quantitative Variables can be interval or ratio.
U.S. Housing Act of 1937
provided $500 million in home loans for the development of low-cost housing. This Act tied slum clearance to public housing.
When/how/who Philadelphia planned?
William Penn, late 1600s, as rectangular grid with 4 public squares (now parks) and a town square
What is peak parking space factor for residential?
0.2 - 2.0 spaces per unit
1965 Housing & Urban Development Act
Created HUD as cabinet level agency (from HHFA) Est rent subsidy programs for below poverty line, low interest loans for low and moderate incomes, subsidies for public housing projects
Baby Boomers 1946
US Population born between 1946 and 1964
What year was the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act passed?
1924
National Flood Insurance Act
1968 made flood insurance available to home and business owners
What is sometime involved in eminent domain cases?
condemnation of deteriorated property
What is the Mean, Median and Mode
Mean: average of a set of numbers (eg. 1+2+3=6/3 = 2) Median is the middle most number (eg, 1,2,3 =2)Mode is the most frequent number (eg. 1,2,3,3,3 = 3).
Phone/Oral Interview Surveys
Useful for yes/no answers. Allows follow up on answers. Response rate varies greatly. Expensive method because of the time to complete. Can be biased by interaction with the interviewer. Difcult to use long questions and multiple answers w/ this method.
Nectow v. City of Cambridge; U.S. Supreme Court (1928)
The Court used a rational basis test to strike down a zoning ordinance because it had no valid public purpose (e.g., to promote the health, safety, morals, or welfare of the public).
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces 1980
Authored by William Whyte in 1980, the book is a study of factors that contribute to the success of urban spaces, including: abundance of public spaces, active street life and the ability to purchase food and drink.
What is the name of a fund established to manage the revenues and expenditures of a minor league baseball park?
Enterprise fund. An enterprise fund is an account that manages the revenues and expenditures of a self-sufficient activity such as a minor league baseball park, parking garage, zoo.
What was the central finding of 1971, Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe?
Sec. of Transportation’s decision to construct a highway through public park in Memphis was overturned; no consideration had been given to finding an alternate rate that would minimize harm to the park
Theodore D. Roosevelt (1858-1919)
“conservationist. ““I recognize the right and duty of this generation to develop and use the natural resources of our land but I do not recognize the right to waste them, or to rob, by wasteful use, the generations that come after us.”” “
What is the beginning of the development process?
market feasibility study and site selection
How much agricultural land is lost annually in the U.S.?
2.2 million acres
How does nitrogen behave when released to ground?
It mixes readily with water and does not degrade as it moves in the aquifer; it can travel great distances and deliver high concentrations
What is an unconfined aquifer?
An aquifer not in contact with atmospheric pressure, because the groundwater system is not overlain by low-permeability deposit (clay, rock)
Park Forest, IL 1947
Park Forest was the first privately financed, completely planned community ever built in the US. It was a post WWII planned suburb with a range of housing types.
PSD standards deal with regulations to prevent what?
Significant deterioration of high quality airsheds
Christopher Stone’s book Should Trees Have Standing
The Sierra Club v. Morton, Secretary of the Interior (1972) case where the Sierra Club attempted to block the development of a ski resort in the Mineral King Valley in the Sequoia National Forest.
Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook: Model Statutes for Planning and the Management of Change
2002 published by APA to update the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, the Standard City Planning Enabling Act, & Model Land Development Code
As defined in the US census what is a Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
has a population of more than 10,000 people and less than 50,000 people. This includes a central county and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration as measured by commuting.
“What is ““arbitrary fixed radii””?”
A technique for identifying recharge areas in which a circle of a specified radius is drawn around the well being protected; does not rely on site-specific information.
Limits for air and water emissions?
Effluent standards
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)
show digital data about the elevation of the earth’s surface as it varies across communities allows planners to analyze and map it. DEMs can be used for storm water management, flood control, land use decisions, and other purposes.
Cumulative zoning
Older approach to regulating land use; A hierarchical approach in which less intensive uses such as residences are allowed in areas of more intensive use, such as commercial districts
Golden v. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo; New York State Court of Appeals (1972)
The court upheld a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on the availability of public utilities, drainage facilities, parks, road access, and firehouses. A proposal would only be approved upon reaching a certain poin
1933, Public Works Administration
used construction of public works as means of providing employment, stabilizing purchasing power, and improving public welfare. 1st federally supported public housing project. Airports, schools, dams, hospitals.
Taylor Grazing Act: Year, purpose?
1934; regulated the use of the Western range for conservation purposes
In what year was ASPO founded and who was the first president?
1934; Alfred Bettman
Importing Industry
LQ < 1. The local industry is not sufficient to meet local demand.
When does neighborhood planning occur?
Often prepared in response to a specific problem, in communities where neighborhoods are well defined
Is a strategic plan short or long term in focus?
Short Term - approximately 5 years
Ratio data
has an ordered relationship and equal intervals. Distance is an example of ratio data because 3.2 miles is twice as long as 1.6 miles. Any form of central tendency can be used for this type of data.
What is the open space participatory method?
Open Space allows for people to propose topics to discuss and those who are interested choose to participate in that dialogue. The groups prepare summaries of their discussion to share with the entire group.
Who designed Columbia, Maryland?
James Rouse. 1967
When was the first Earth Day?
04/22/70
Form-based zoning
Regulates size, form, appearance and placement of buildings ad parking rather than the use of the land and the density of development
Indian Reorganization Act
1934 - organization of Native Americans and allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare.
What does this case address: Suitum v Tahoe Regional Planning Agency?
Takings. 1997
Travel Demand Management (TDM)
To reduce congestion by making the most efficient use of a multimodal network
Who was the author of the Geography of Nowhere?
James Kunstler
Hoover Dam is located on the border of which states?
Arizona & Nevada
What are some examples of an overlay zone?
somtimes put in place to ensusre compatibility of new development with existing structures in historic districts or to protect environmentally sensitive areas
Peter Drucker is associated with?
Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees buy in to the objectives and understand what they are.
Euclid v Ambler (1926)
US Supreme Court upheld validity of zoning as a legitimate exercise of policy power, and emphasized the need to separate land uses, in order to protect public health, safety and welfare; established zoning as a legitimate exercise of police power by local
NYC Tenement House Law (1901)
Outlawed the dumbbell design and allowd for only 70% lot coverage; Required toilets and running water in each unit, and improved lighting and ventilation
Very low income households
Earn no more than 50% of Area Median Income.
What is median?
Median is the middle number of a ranked distribution. The median of [2, 3, 4, 6, 7] is 4.
Where and when was the first federally supported public housing built? Where was the first housing occupied?
In 1934, the first federally supported public housing was constructed in Cleveland, although the first to be occupied was located in Atlanta.
Location quotient
Measures the concentration of industry in an geographic area relative to a larger area (% of workers employed by the industry in the sample area divided by the % of workers employed in the same industry in the larger area); LQ>1 means product exported, LQ
Longitudinal surveys
Gathers information about a population over a period of time
1990 Farm Bill
continued to move agriculture in a market-oriented direction by freezing target prices and allowing more planting flexibility. Established Rural Development Agency.
Executive Order 12898 (1994)
Environmental Justice
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission 1987
Court found that regulations must serve a substantial public purpose and exactions are valid as long as the exaction and the project are reasonably related. The court also found that the CCC req to dedicate an easement for public beach was not reasonable.
Cincinnati Plan 1925
Under the direction of Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe, was the first to be officially adopted by a major American City. It was broader than previous plans, including information about housing, recreation, garbage, schools and financing.
National Trust for Historic Preservation (1949)
A private nfp membership org dedicated to saving historic places and revitalizing communities
Standard City Planning Enabling Act (1928)
Outlined powers of municipal planning commissions and required the adoption of a master plan by local governing bodies; Provided for establishment of regional planning commissions and regional plans; Published by Dept of Commerce under Hoover
What is the 14th Amendment
Deals with Due process, substantive due process, procedural due process, and equal protection
Where are exactions typically seen?
communities with strong growth pressure
What is mixed-use neighborhood?
includes various types of hosuing such as condos, aprtments, & detached homesas well as a mix of offices, retail stores, hotel rooms, & conference centers
Base Map
Shows essential features of an area.
Death and Life of Great American Cities 1961
written by Jane Jacobs advocating for a mix of uses, short blocks and pedestrian-scale development to create vibrant cities and increased safety.
Planning for flood protection projects typically occurs at what level of government?
The US Army Corp of Engineers is responsible for flood protection planning. While planning for flooding does occur at the city and state level, the Army Corp has a primary responsibility while partnering with other organizations.
Oregon Land Use Act 1973
Created statewide planning system and required identification of urban growth boundaries separating urban from rural areas.
What does the BZA review?
Variance requests (quasi-judicial)
What is a longitudinal survey?
A longitudinal survey gathers information about a population over a period of time.
Incremental Planning (humanistic movement), associated w who?
Charles Lindblom; Ther Science of Muddling Through; response to rational planning model; acknowleges that changes are made in increments
What was a key aspect of the Home Builders v City of Livermore case?
Timing of development (building permits)
What is a hypothesis test?
A Hypothesis Test allows for a determination of possible outcomes and the interrelationship between variables.
What is a rational nexus test?
This test requires a rational or logical connection of approval for a project and the minimization of harm the condition seeks to accomplish.
CIP
Capital Improvement Plan. Operating and long term maintenance costs are considered in this budgeting techniques
Moore v City of East Cleveland, 1977 US Supreme Court
Struck down ordinance that made it illegal for closely related individuals to share occupancy. Cities could not define family to exclude closely related persons from living together.
When is a group-administered survey appropriate? What are advantages? Disadvantages?
when there is a specific population that a planner is trying to target. Type of survey allows high and quick response rate. Examples is recreation participants filling out a survey after a class. Requires small sample size.
Lagoon
shallow body of water that is located alongside a coast
In what year was the first major indoor shopping mall opened in the United States?
1956, Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota was the first indoor, climate-controlled regional mall.
“What is a ““primary recharge area””?”
Permeable deposits directly overlaying a sand and gravel aquifer
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
Includes at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or an urbanized area (of at least 50,000 inhabitants), and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000.
First Limited Access Highway 1926
Designed by Robert Moses, and constructed in 1926, the Bronx River Parkway in Westchester County, NY was the first limited access highway.
Cost Benefit Analysis
is used to determine the benefits of large projects
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
Highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water; for nitrates: 10ppm; for flouride, 4ppm
Megalopolis
1961, Jean Gottman coined Megalopolis, referring to 300-mile-long urban area between Boston and Washington D.C. Generally dominated by low-density settlement and complex networks of economic specialization. megacity refers megalopolis > 10 million people.
What is necessary to sustain the population growth in the US?
securing adequate supplies of clean water is becoming increasingly important as the population of the US continues to grow, especially where water is limited
Group-administered surveys
Used for specifc populations. Allows a high and quick response rate. This survey method requires a small sample size.
Ripeness doctrine
A claim is ready for judicial review only after a property owner has sought all possible relief through, for example, variance or condemnation procedures
As defined in the US census what is a Consolodated MSA (CMSA?
Consolidated MSA (CMSA) is made up of several PMSA’s. An example is the Dallas-Fort Worth Consolidated Metropolitan Area. Dallas and Fort Worth are each primary metropolitan statistical areas.
Depressed urban area in which employers receive tax reductions and/or other economic incentives for establishing businesses and employing the disadvantaged
Enterprise Zone
What year was American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) established?
1934
How many sf in 1 acre?
1 Acre = 43,560 SF
George Perkins Marsh (1801-1882)
Marsh was considered by some to be one of America’s first environmentalists. In 1864 he wrote Man and Nature arguing that deforestation could lead to desertification. He was an ecologist and inspired the conservationist movement.
What Department of Commerce information can assist in planning for the future economy?
Twelve leading indicators that measure the direction of the economy
What is a special district?
A way to provide a single service when it comes to financing/budgeting. Allowed under special review
First Off-Street Parking Requirements 1923
The first off-street parking requirements were developed in Columbus Ohio in 1923.
Hurricanes & Coastal Storms mitigation
evacuation plans b/c they are ususally predicted before making landfall, hurricane resistant bldg codes, requirements for set-back of bldg away from coast & area of storm surge on land w/ vegetation
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)
Digital data about the elevation of the earth’s surface as it varies across communities allows planners to analyze and map it.
What is a performance standard (or performance requirement)?
“Special or conditional use permits are used to regulate development based on its performance or impact on natural resources. The permit is only granted if the development ““performs”” according to certain criteria.”
Marsh
type of freshwater, brackish water or saltwater wetland found along rivers, ponds, lakes, and coasts. It does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation
Endangered Species Act year?
1973
Lifestyle Center
Upscale specialty stores, dining and entertainment in an outdoor setting
What ROW or layout width is typical of a minor arterial or secondary road?
70-90 feet
Retail market analysis
Estimate how much retail activity and how much retail building space and land zoned for retail will be required in the future. Identify the types of retail activity most or least in demand.
This was the successor to ISTEA and served to continue and improve many ISTEA program such as road and transit planning and the flexible allocation of funds for transit and transportation improvement.
TEA 21 1998
helps to protect green areas and open space by utilizing high density development, which creates tighly clustered development on certain parcels an no development on other parcels.
Cluster Development
The Water Pollutant Control Act of 1948
allowed the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, in cooperation with other governmental entities, to prepare a comprehensive program for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries and improving the sanitary conditi
General Land Law Revision Act 1891
In 1891, the General Land Law Revision Act was passed by Congress. This Act provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.
What is a conservation easement?
separates ownership of land from the right to develop that land
In Neotraditional Development, a node is:
Provides mixed uses, is Multimodal and Contains Public Spaces.
You decide to propose a national heritage area in your region. Which of the following do you need to do?
Demonstration a nationally unique natural, historic, cultural or scenic resource Ask your congressperson to sponsor legislation Describe the unique story linking sites together Establish a non-profit org. to manage the National Heritage Area
Provisions that lead to more active lifestyles are what type of planning?
Social & Health for ex: compact walkable neighborhoods
Contour lines
Show lines of equal elevation.
What is an easement?
used to secure a portion of rights associated w/ a parcel
stratified sample
divides the population into groups, known as classes, from which a sample is drawn.
“What is ““descriptive statistics?”””
Statistical method used when you have information on the entire population
The Urban General Plan 1964
This was the first comprehensive planning textbook, written by T.J. Kent, Jr.
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act
1966 Centerpiece of Great Society Program, created Model Cities program which addressed urban blight & poverty by focusing on community participation rather than top-down planning in neighborhood revitalization efforts
This measures the degree to which two variables are related:
Coefficient of Correlation
Saul Alinsky
advocate of community organizing. organized Chicago’s poor late 1930s and 1940s. 1946 published Reveille for Radicals encouraged poor to become involved in American democracy. published Rules for Radicals, which 13 rules for community organizing.
First modern, enclosed regional shopping mall
Town and Country Shopping Center, 1954
Storm sewers are typically designed to handle up to a _____ year flood.
25
1956 National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
Uniform design standards for fed highways, funding for highway constuction (Trust Fund), largest public works project in nations history, affected land use, city design, sprawl. Ex: National.
Ratio or Step-down method
Starts with an estimate for a larger area, such as the city, and uses that growth rate to estimate population in a neighborhood
What are dichotomous variables?
Dichotomous Variables can only have two possible values, such as unemployed or employed which are symbolized as 0 and 1.
Garden Cities
Ebenezer Howard, 1989, Garden Cities of to-morrow
William Whyte
People watcher. Human behavior in urban spaces.
1980 CERCLA,
Superfund. Created liability for persons discharging haz waste, EPA power to find responsible parties, created trust fund for cleanup, established cleanup requirements, applied retroactively.
What is the cumulative zoning approach?
hierarchical approach in which less intensive usees such as residences are allowed in areas of more intensive use such as commercial districts
What is right of way?
right granted by a property owner to anotehr person or agency to build, maintain, & use a road, pathway, or utility line across the owner’s property
What does this case address: Berman v Parker
Eminent domain; land can be condemned based on aesthetic considerations (public purpose)
Urbanism as a Way of Life 1938
Louis Wirth argued for urbanism as the prevailing way of life and claimed that the density of cities influences the behavior of people and their relationships.
Indian Reorganization Act or Wheller Howard Act
1934 enacted to conserve & develop Indian lands & resources, extended rt. to form businesses & other orgs, granted certain rts. of home rule, & provided for vocational education
Standard deviation
is the square root of the variance.
What is an economically depressed area that is designated for governmental subsidies and tax incentives known as?
An empowerment zone is a federally designated distressed area in need of sustainable community development. EZ is designed to afford communities real opportunities for growth and revitalization.
What is the definition of an aquifer?
An aquifer is a geologic unit capable of yielding usable amounts of drinking water.
What is the Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944?
commonly known as the GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.
Berman v. Parker 1954
The Court held that aesthetics is a valid public purpose. The court found that urban renewal was a valid public purpose.
Incorporated Place
Incorporated under state law as, i.e., a city, town, borough or village, and having legally prescribed geographic limits
Inferential Statistics
Determines characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population. What is observed in the sample is assumed to apply to the population.
Confidence Interval
gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter. The width of the confidence interval gives us an idea of how uncertain we are about the unknown parameter.
What is the national rate of homeownership?
65.00%
What is the State of Hawaii?
This state was the first state to introduce statewide zoning in 1961.
Generation X
People born between 1965 and 1976.
Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954)
Established aesthetics and redevelopment as valid public purposes for exercising the power of eminent domain.
Current % breakdown of homes urban/suburban/rural?
31% Urban / 31% Suburban / 38% Rural
First skyscraper
1885, Chicago; structural steel made skyscraper possible
Babbit v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon (1996)
U.S. Supreme Court decided that the government can restrict land development to protect endangered species and their habitats, and it does not constitute a taking; Harm includes significant habitat modification or degradation that kills or injures wildlif
Daylighting
the practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that, during the day, natural light provides effective internal illumination.
Radburn, NJ
Stein and Wright, 1928; inspired by Howard’s Garden City concept; Forerunner of New Deal’s Greenbelt towns
First Skyscraper 1885
The availability of steel and the construction of the first safety elevator in NY, the high-rise building in Chicago was made feasible.
What level of threat do stormwater drains pose to groundwater for drinking water?
Medium threat; they are often a conduit to the subsurface.
Urban Renewal 1949-1973
used eminent domain to assemble, clear and rebuild sites which were then sold or leased to private developers at market value. Urban renewal demolished entire neighborhoods and displaced low-income residents.
City of Ladue v Gilleo (1994)
Freedom of speech; City could not ban posting a non-commercial window sign in own residence (anti-gulf war sign)
Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926),
It was the first significant case regarding the relatively new practice of zoning, and served to substantially bolster zoning ordinances in towns nationwide in the United States and in other countries of the world including Canada.
President Clinton did which of the following in 2000?
Created eight new national monuments.
Krumholz’s utilized which of the following planning theories:
advocacy planning. Krumholz work during the 1970s focused on thinking about the disadvantaged in the community first in every planning process
What are the 6 key pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act?
Nitrogen oxide, Carbon monoxide, Lead, Sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulates
Characteristics of a traditional village
Mix of uses, w sidewalks, trees and on-street parking; Medium density; shallow front yards for residences; potentially 0’ setback for commerical areas; diverse housing types
Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946)
First director of the USFS from 1905 to 1910. Pinchot coined the term conservation ethic and advocated for both the preservation and scientific management of natural resources.
Fredirck Law Olmstead Jr.
1st President of the American City Planning Institute. Played an important role in shaping the standard city enabling Act of 1928/
What level of threat do dry cleaning establishments pose to groundwater for drinking?
High threat, due to use of numerous toxic and hazardous substances
William Whyte (1917-1999)
“Coined the term ““greenway””, 1959 The Last Landscape. Conservation Easements”
Bid Rent Theory
William Alonso, 1960, Proposed that the cost of land, the intensity of development of land, the concentration of the population, and the number of places of employment each decline as distance from the CBD increases
What entity typically enforces septic regs?
Local board of health
What are the seven steps in a waste audit?
ID waste stream; ID sources; prioritize for waste minimization activity; screen alternatives; implement; track; evaluate progress
Image of the City 1960
Kevin Lynch-reported that users understood their surroundings in consistent and predictable ways, forming mental maps with five elements: paths, edges, perceived boundaries, and landmarks,
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
“Secretary of Interior’s definition of ““harm”” to endangered species (prohibited by Endangered Species Act of 1973) is valid when defined as ““significant habitat modification or degradation where it actually kills or injures wildlife.”””
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Purpose
Reduce the loss of life and property due to natural disasters and to enable mitigation measures to be implemented during the immediate recovery from a disaster.
HOPE VI 1992
HUD plan to revitalize public housing projects into mixed-income developments. largely based on New Urbanism and concept of Defensible space.
What type of engagement method could be used with planning staff informally?
Open space
a Metropolitan Statistical Area
defined by the Federal Office of Management and Budget for use by federal statistical agencies that are based on the concept of at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California: Year, purpose?
1927, to bring water from the Colorado River to southern California
”"”t-value”””
tolerable soil loss that, if exceeded, would adversely affect the productivity of the soil
Who wrote Planning of the Modern City? when?
Planning of the Modern City by Nelson Lewis, published in 1916.
Agins v. City of Tiburon
Used an alternative takings test to the Penn Central test.U.S. Supreme Court rules that the open space zoning ordinance of the city of Tiburon, California, does not result in a taking of property without payment of just compensation.
First shopping center
Northgate Shopping Center, Seatle Washington, 1950
What is the major holding of 1930 Jones v. LA?
Nonconforming uses can be regulated, but the property interest cannot be destroyed without compensation
Drop-off Survey
Survey left at someone’s residence or business to be completed. Response rates are higher than mail surveys because of personal contact with the respondent. Expensive due to time required to distribute. Sample size smaller than mail surveys.
Metropolitan Planning Organization, MPO
A metro area with pop over 50,000 needs an MPO to receive fed funding. reviews programs that affect region, certifies consistency among programs, coordinates transportation and land use decisions.
What is the UDAG program?
Urban Development Action Grant. The program facilitated public-private partnerships Attempted to encourage redevelopment in urban areas Encouraged intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of redevelopment projects
1974 Housing & Community Development Act
created CDBG. reduced fed role in local decision making by allowing more local discretion. requires a HAP Housing Assistance Plan. congressional appropriations decision significantly affect development of affordable housing (National Planning)
First national wildlife refuge: year, location, purpose?
1903, Pelican Island, Florida; established by Teddy Roosevelt to protect the Brown Pelican
The idea of Plural Planning is associated with which planning theory?
Advocacy Planning
How much agricultural land is in the U.S.?
nearly 1 billion acres
Interval data
data that has an ordered relationship with a magnitude. For temperature, 30 degrees is not twice as cold as 60 degrees. Mean is the best measure of interval data. Where the data is skewed median can be used.
What are components of zero-based budgeting?
Budget broken into decision packages; budget starts from scratch; decision packages tied to long-range plan
What is a tributary?
Stream, or other body of water, that intermittently contributes water in small quanities to a larger stream or body of water
What is the name of a federally designated that is economically distressed?
Empowerment zone, can get subsidies and incentives
What is included in an economic base analysis?
Job projections, current demographics, inventory of office/industry space and occupancies
What is a positive easement?
Provides property rights to someone other than the owner; often used to provide access over a parcel to reach another.
Regressive tax
Regressive taxes reduce the tax incidence of people with higher ability-to-pay, as they shift the incidence disproportionately to those with lower ability-to-pay.
