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rad year 2 > AI- rCM > Flashcards

AI- rCM Flashcards

1
Q

what is attenuation a combination of

A

absorption and scatter

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2
Q

what does att depend on

A

density/atomic number/thickness of tissue

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3
Q

define what RCM’s do ?

A

RCM’s artificially adjust the density and atomic number of the structure to increase /decrease x-ray absorption

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4
Q

define more radiolucent (see through image easier) ?

A

decreasing density and atomic number

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5
Q

define more radiopaque

A

increasing density and atomic number

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6
Q

requirements for RCM ?

A
  • Easy to administer
  • Easily visualised on imaging
  • Tolerated by the patient
  • Non-toxic
  • Rapidly eliminated when necessary
  • Cost effective
  • Stable compound
  • Non-carcinogenic
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7
Q

how can a rcm be administered ? (5 ways)

A

Orally- gastro-intestinal
(GI) tract

Intravascularly- blood vessel (vein/artery)

Intrathecally- spinal canal

Rectally- rectum

body cavity or joint- uterus, ovarian tube etc

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8
Q

name 3 types of RCM ?

A

Negative Contrast Media

Barium Sulphate (BaSO4)

Iodinated

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9
Q

what is negative contrast media usually used for ?

A

Gases used for
GI tract and Bladder imaging

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10
Q

what is barium sulphate used for

A

usually used for GI tract examinations

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11
Q

what can iodinated be used for

A

versatile in multiple modalities

(Fluoro, angiography, X-ray and CT)

visibility of organs and blood vessels in medical images, such as X-rays and CT scans

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12
Q

give 2 negative contrast medias

A

air

co2

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13
Q

give the major facts regarding negative contrast media ?

A
  • All negative contrast agents are
    gases
  • Radiolucent with low atomic
    number
  • Low density
  • Attenuate less X-rays than
    surrounding tissue, appears
    darker on the resultant image
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14
Q

how is air used as an RCM

A
  • inspired or pumped in manually eg- double contrast barium enemma
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15
Q

how is oxygen used an rcm

A
  • introduced into body cavities
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16
Q

how is carbon dioxide used as a rcm

A
  • pumped in during a barium
    enema, injected into the colon after the barium liquid to improve the quality of the X-ray

-during angiography
(alternative to iodinated
contrast)

17
Q

give two examples of positive contrast media

A
  • barium sulpahte iodine- based
18
Q

main facts regarding positive contrast media

A
  • Radiopaque with higher atomic
    number (than body tissues)
  • High density
  • Attenuate more X-rays than
    surrounding tissue, appears bright on
    the resultant image
  • E.g.
  • Barium Sulphate
  • Iodine
19
Q

properties of barium sulphate

A
  • Predominantly used in Fluoroscopy for GI
    tract examinations
  • White, crystalline compound
  • Radiopaque
  • Excellent coating properties
  • Insoluble – forms suspension in water
  • Orally or rectally administered
  • Stable
20
Q

what is double contrast media

A
  • Uses positive AND
    negative contrast media
    together
21
Q

iodine rcm properties;

A
  • Iodine based (a.k.a iodinated RCM)
  • Colourless liquid
  • Radiopaque
  • Soluble in water
  • Excreted via the kidneys in urine
22
Q

how can iodine based contrast be administered ? (all 5)

A
  • Oral
  • Intravascular (artery or vein)
  • Intracavital
  • Rectal
  • Intrathecal
23
Q

what is special about iodinated contrast media ?

A

can be either ionic or non ionic

24
Q

what differentiates different types of iodinated contrast media

A
  • Physical and chemical characteristics
  • Osmolality
  • Viscosity
  • Iodine Content
25
Q

why are different types of iodinated contrast media used ?

A
  • Different types used for different body
    systems and examinations
26
Q

state some facts regarding iodinated contrast media (ionic) ?

A
  • Breaks apart (dissociates) when placed in fluid

creating charged particles (ions)
* This increases the number of particles in the
vascular system

BUT…

  • Ions that are created can destroy electrical
    charges associated with the brain and heart
  • Disruption is called neurotoxicity
  • Considerably toxic
  • Higher incidence of patient experiencing
    adverse reactions
27
Q

state some facts regarding iodinated contrast media (non ionic) ?

A

-Nothing happens when placed in fluid (no
charged particles)

  • Low osmolality
  • Comparatively less toxic
  • Lower incidence of patient experiencing
    adverse reactions (3%)
28
Q

define hypertonic

A

Solution has HIGHER osmolality (little water) than the
cell, this is called Hypertonic, water moves from cell to solution

29
Q
A
30
Q

how can viscosity affect RCM ?

A

The viscosity of an RCM can affect the time it takes to
inject

31
Q

difference between positive and negative contrast media ?

A

Negative contrast media:

Less opaque than body tissues, and absorbs less radiation than surrounding tissues. Negative contrast media appears darker grey or black than its surroundings on an image.(air,eg)

Positive contrast media:

More opaque than body tissues, and absorbs more radiation than surrounding tissues. Positive contrast media appears white on an image. (barium, iodine)

rad year 2 (4 decks)

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