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CSO STUDY GUIDE > AI Flashcards > Flashcards

AI Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

A group of neoplastic diseases characterized by uncontrollable growth and spread of abnormal cells

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2
Q

What are the most common types of cancer in the US for men?

A
  • Prostate
  • Lung and Bronchus
  • Colorectal
  • Urinary
  • Melanoma
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3
Q

What are the most common types of cancer in the US for women?

A
  • Breast
  • Lung and Bronchus
  • Colorectal
  • Uterine
  • Thyroid
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4
Q

What is the TNM classification system used for?

A

To classify tumors based on Tumor size, Lymph Node involvement, and presence of Metastasis

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5
Q

What are the different grades in the tumor grading system?

A
  • Gx: Grade cannot be assessed
  • G1: Well differentiated (low grade)
  • G2: Moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
  • G3: Poorly differentiated (high grade)
  • G4: Undifferentiated (high grade)
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6
Q

What are the 3 stages of carcinogenesis?

A
  • Initiation: normal cells develop some DNA damage
  • Promotion: initiated cells are stimulated to grow
  • Progression: tumor grows rapidly and invades neighboring tissues
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7
Q

What are the risk factors for cancer?

A

Smoking, overweight/obesity, physical inactivity, and diet

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8
Q

What is the role of nutrition in cancer treatment?

A

Nutrients can play different roles in different stages of carcinogenesis. Ex: Folate is important for preventing many types of cancer. However, once carcinogenesis has been initiated, folate can lead to proliferation and expansion of the tumor.

Methotrexate, an anti-folate chemotherapeutic agent, targets this metabolic process by inhibiting folate-mediated DNA synthesis.

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9
Q

What are some biological processes that protect the cell and prevent cancer initiation and progression?

A
  • Detoxification of carcinogens
  • Protection of DNA from oxidation
  • DNA repair
  • Cell cycle regulation
  • Promotion of cell differentiation
  • Induction of apoptosis in initiated cells
  • Prevention of angiogenesis
  • Suppression of inflammation
  • Regulation of hormonal signals
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10
Q

What are some examples of nutrients shown to support the biological processes that protect the cell?

A
  • Detoxification of carcinogens: Isothiocyanates, flavonoids
  • Protection of DNA from oxidation: Vitamins A, C, D, and E, selenium
  • DNA repair: Folate, selenium, lycopene, retinoids
  • Cell cycle regulation: Polyphenols, retinoids, folate, selenium
  • Promotion of cell differentiation: Long chain omega 3 fatty acids, Vitamin D, retinoic acid
  • Induction of apoptosis in initiated cells: Curcumin, polyphenols, sulforaphane, isothiocyanates, quercetin, lycopene
  • Prevention of angiogenesis: Indol-3-carbinol
  • Suppression of inflammation: Omega 3 fatty acids, indol-3-carbinol
  • Regulation of hormonal signals: Soy isoflavones, Vitamin D, carotenoids
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11
Q

What are some key strategies for cancer prevention?

A
  • Healthful dietary patterns
  • Regular physical activity
  • Maintaining a healthy weight
  • Avoiding tobacco and excess sun exposure
  • Getting certain vaccines and regular screenings
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12
Q

What foods have direct antioxidant activity to reduce development of reactive oxygen species that lead to inflammation?

A

Vitamins C and E, carotenoids

Polyphenols in tea, berries, onions, grapes, turmeric, ginger

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13
Q

What do gut bacteria produce from fermentable dietary fiber and B glucons?

A

Butyrate

Butyrate shows potential anti-inflammatory and tumor-suppressive properties

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14
Q

What are the potential anti-inflammatory effects of gut bacteria?

A

Producing butyrate

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15
Q

What are the sources of omega 3 fatty acids?

A

Fish, flaxseed, chia seeds, walnuts

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16
Q

What is the evidence regarding soy consumption and cancer risk?

A

Soy foods do not increase cancer risk and may lower it

Soy isoflavens may slow the growth of cancer cells

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17
Q

What is considered moderate soy food consumption?

A

1-2 standard servings daily of whole soy foods

One serving averages 7g protein and 25mg isoflavens

18
Q

What is the potential benefit of consuming ground flaxseed?

A

Lower risk of breast and uterine cancer

ALA in flaxseed can be converted to long chain omega 3 fatty acids

19
Q

What is the recommended level of physical activity to lower cancer risk?

A

At least 150 minutes of moderate activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week for adults

60 minutes of moderate or vigorous activity per day for children

20
Q

What are the recommended levels of physical activity during treatment and survivorship?

A

Individualized during treatment, survivors with severe anemia should delay exercise

Survivors with severe fatigue are encouraged 10 minutes of physical activity every day

21
Q

What is a poor reflection of body composition?

A

BMI

Waist circumference, hip circumference, waist to hip ratio are better indicators

22
Q

What is the main tissue implicated in cancer cachexia?

A

Muscle

Visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular fat are also involved

23
Q

What are the key biological mechanisms relating to energetics and cancer?

A

Visceral adipose tissue, insulin and IGF-1, leptin and adiponectin, estrogen

These factors contribute to insulin resistance, inflammation, and cancer development

24
Q

What is cachexia?

A

A metabolic syndrome characterized by loss of muscle and sometimes fat mass

It leads to functional impairment and is difficult to reverse with nutrition support alone

25
Q

What are the criteria for diagnosing cancer cachexia?

A

Weight loss, low BMI, low skeletal mass, low dietary intake, inflammation

Different combinations of these criteria can indicate cachexia

26
Q

What are the stages of cancer cachexia?

A

Pre-cachexia, cachexia, refractory cachexia

Each stage has different characteristics and levels of severity

27
Q

What is sarcopenic obesity?

A

The combination of low muscle mass and high adipose tissue

28
Q

What is intermittent fasting?

A

A modality of calorie restriction involving 16-48 hours of little or no energy intake with periods of normal intake

29
Q

Which chemotherapeutic treatments have been shown to be improved by short-term fasting?

A

Etopside, mitoxantone, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin

30
Q

What are the recommended physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors?

A

150 minutes of physical activity per week with 2 sessions of resistance training

31
Q

What percentage of cancer patients with GI, pancreatic, head and neck, and colorectal cancer experience signs of nutritional impairment at the time of diagnosis?

A

40-80%

32
Q

What percentage of weight loss predicts a reduced response to oncology treatment, decreased survival, and decreased quality of life?

A

6%

33
Q

When should nutrition screening be completed for all cancer patients?

A

On admission to oncology services and repeated throughout treatment

34
Q

What are some nutrition impact symptoms experienced by cancer patients?

A

Anorexia, cachexia, muscle wasting, dysphagia, xerostomia, taste/smell changes, mucositis/stomatitis, N/V, esophagitis, diarrhea, early satiety, gastroparesis, malabsorption, constipation, SOB, dehydration

35
Q

What are some examples of nutrition-focused physical findings?

A

Dermatologic findings, head and neck assessment, intra-oral cavity assessment, abdominal assessment, client history

36
Q

What clinical characteristics support a diagnosis of malnutrition?

A

A minimum of 2 out of 6 characteristic criteria for malnutrition

37
Q

What are the criteria for moderate malnutrition in acute illness or injury?

A
  • Energy intake: <75% of estimated energy requirements for >7 days
  • Weight loss: 1-2% x 1 week, 5% x 1 month, 7.5% x 3 months
  • Physical findings: mild body fat loss, mild muscle mass loss, mild fluid accumulation
38
Q

What are the criteria for severe malnutrition in acute illness or injury?

A
  • Energy intake: <50% of estimated energy requirements for >5 days
  • Weight loss: >2% x 1 week, >5% x 1 month, <7.5% x 3 months
  • Physical findings: moderate loss of body fat and muscle mass, moderate to severe fluid accumulation, decreased grip strength
39
Q

What are the criteria for moderate malnutrition in chronic illness?

A
  • Energy intake: <75% of estimated energy requirements for >1 month
  • Weight loss: 5% x 1 month, 7.5% x 3 months, 10% x 6 months, 20% x 1 year
  • Physical findings: mild body fat loss, muscle loss, fluid accumulation
40
Q

What are the criteria for severe malnutrition in chronic illness?

A
  • Energy intake: <75% of estimated energy requirements for >1 month
  • Weight loss: >5% x 1 month, >7.5% x 1 month, >10% x 6 months, >20% x 1 year
  • Physical findings: severe loss of fat and muscle, severe fluid accumulation, reduced grip strength
41
Q

What is the maximum rate of weight loss recommended for cancer survivors who are overweight or obese?

A

2 pounds per week

CSO STUDY GUIDE (1 decks)

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