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Criminology concepts last test > AI criminology white collar > Flashcards

AI criminology white collar Flashcards

1
Q

What role do individuals in power play in defining criminality?

A

Individuals in power can shape laws and normative standards of deviance, often defining their own actions as acceptable or not criminal.

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2
Q

How does the concept of xenology relate to white collar crime?

A

Xenology, the study of social harms, broadens the definition of white collar crime beyond legal definitions to include various forms of exploitation of power.

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3
Q

How does capitalism influence white collar crime according to Sutherland?

A

Sutherland argued that white collar criminals are products of a capitalist system that promotes greed and prioritizes wealth over ethical considerations.

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4
Q

What is an example of organizational crime?

A

An example of organizational crime is a company manipulating financial records to present a misleadingly positive image to investors.

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5
Q

What does ‘political concept’ imply about crimes definition

A

that crime is defined and constructed to protect the interests of the powerful, rather than being an objective category.

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6
Q

How do white collar criminals shape laws?

A

White collar criminals can influence the creation or absence of laws that protect their interests, allowing them to operate with less oversight.

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7
Q

How does the concept of egoism relate to white collar crime?

A

Egoism, as discussed by criminologists like William Bonger, suggests that the pursuit of personal gain can lead to criminal behavior among those in power.

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8
Q

What is the potential outcome of manipulating financial data in an organization?

A

Manipulating financial data can enhance an organization’s appeal to investors and mitigate tax liabilities, benefiting both the organization and its leaders.

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9
Q

How does the definition of white collar crime evolve over time?

A

The definition of white-collar crime evolves to encompass a broader range of economic and business-related wrongful conduct, reflecting changes in society and law.

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10
Q

How does labeling theory apply to white collar criminals?

A

Labeling theory suggests that individuals in power can resist criminal labels due to their social status and the degree of social admonishment they face.

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11
Q

What is the difference between occupational crime and organizational crime?

A

Occupational crime is committed by individuals for their own benefit during their job, while organizational crime is committed on behalf of the organization, often benefiting it.

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12
Q

What is the significance of power in the context of white collar crime?

A

Individuals in power have resources that insulate them from detection and prosecution, allowing them to commit crimes with less risk of consequences.

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13
Q

What is an example of occupational crime?

A

An example of occupational crime is a bank teller stealing money from a customer’s account for personal gain.

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14
Q

What is the relationship between social power and the ability to evade punishment?

A

Individuals with social power can leverage their resources and influence to evade detection and punishment for their criminal actions.

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15
Q

What are the implications of deregulation for worker safety?

A

Deregulation can lead to unsafe working conditions as companies prioritize profit over the well-being of workers, potentially resulting in harm.

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16
Q

What is the significance of the trust placed in professionals?

A

The trust placed in professionals is critical, as it allows them to exploit their positions, leading to various forms of white collar crime.

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17
Q

Why is understanding white collar crime important in criminology?

A

Understanding white collar crime is essential as it reveals the complexities of crime committed by those in power and its effects on society.

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18
Q

What is corporate crime?

A

Corporate crime refers to illegal acts or omissions by legitimate organizations intended to benefit the corporation itself.

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19
Q

What are the three common types of corporate crime?

A

The three common types of corporate crime are environmental crime, safety violations, and financial crime.

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20
Q

What is the impact of corporate crime on financial loss and personal injury?

A

Corporate crime often results in greater financial loss and significant personal injuries, sometimes exceeding the annual homicide rate.

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21
Q

What is white collar crime?

A

White collar crime is defined as crime committed by individuals of high social status in the course of their occupation, often involving deceit or violation of trust.

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22
Q

What are the two broad categories of white collar crime

A

The two categories are occupational crimes, committed for personal gain, and organizational crimes, committed for the benefit of the organization.

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23
Q

What is Edwin Sutherland’s definition of white collar crime?

A

Sutherland defined white collar crime as crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation.

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24
Q

What is the impact of financial crime in Canada?

A

Financial crime in Canada costs approximately $1 billion annually, with fraud alone resulting in significant losses and many unreported incidents.

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25
Q

How does the absence of laws affect white collar crime?

A

The absence of laws can benefit individuals in power by allowing them to exploit their positions without legal repercussions.

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26
Q

What is the connection between trust and white collar crime?

A

White collar crime often involves a violation of trust, where individuals exploit their positions to harm others while maintaining a façade of respectability.

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27
Q

What is the critical Marxist perspective on crime?

A

The critical Marxist perspective views crime as a political concept that serves to protect the interests of the powerful and maintain societal inequalities.

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28
Q

What does the term ‘social harm’ encompass in the study of white collar crime?

A

Social harm encompasses a broader range of exploitative actions that may not be legally defined as crimes but still cause significant societal damage.

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29
Q

How can the pursuit of profit influence corporate behavior?

A

The pursuit of profit can lead corporations to engage in unethical practices that compromise safety and integrity for financial gain.

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30
Q

What are the consequences of financial crime on individuals?

A

Financial crime can result in significant monetary losses for individuals, as evidenced by reported fraud cases and their impact on victims.

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31
Q

What differentiates corporate crime from organized crime?

A

Corporate crime is committed by legal institutions that may descend into criminality, whereas organized crime consists of entities created solely for committing crimes.

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32
Q

How is liability determined in civil court compared to criminal court?

A

In civil court, individuals are found liable based on the balance of probabilities, while in criminal court, guilt must be established beyond a reasonable doubt.

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33
Q

What is the problem with establishing personal accountability in corporate crime?

A

organizations cannot be imprisoned, and proving individual intent is complex.

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34
Q

Why might corporations consider the cost of legal penalties as a cost of doing business?

A

Corporations may view fines as a cost of doing business because they can absorb these expenses and pass them on to consumers.

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35
Q

What is the relationship between corporate crime and environmental harm?

A

Corporate crime can involve environmental harm through illegal activities such as toxic waste dumping and pollution.

36
Q

What is the implication of corporations advertising their community contributions post-fine?

A

Corporations may attempt to frame court-ordered community contributions as voluntary charitable acts, which can mislead the public about their accountability.

37
Q

What is the primary method of retribution for corporate crime?

A

The primary method of retribution for corporate crime is financial penalties or fines.

38
Q

What does ‘diffusion of responsibility’ refer to in corporate crime?

A

Diffusion of responsibility refers to the tendency to attribute blame for corporate actions to lower-level employees, making it difficult to hold higher executives accountable.

39
Q

How does the concept of ‘actus reus’ and ‘mens rea’ apply to corporate crime?

A

‘Actus reus’ refers to the act itself, while ‘mens rea’ relates to the intention behind the act, both of which must be proven to establish criminal liability.

40
Q

What challenges do scholars face in addressing corporate crime compared to street crime?

A

Scholars argue that corporate crime is treated more leniently than street crime, despite its potentially greater harm to society.

41
Q

What are some examples of financial crimes in corporations?

A

Examples of financial crimes include stock market fraud, dishonest accounting practices, misleading advertising, and price fixing.

42
Q

What is the societal perception of corporate crime versus street crime?

A

Societal perception often views corporate crime as less serious than street crime, despite the larger scale of financial and personal harm it can cause.

43
Q

What was the outcome of the sale of the contaminated land to the school board?

A

The school board built a park and a school on the land, which later became a condemned zone due to toxic waste seepage.

44
Q

What was the impact of Reed Paper’s mercury dumping on the Ojibwe community?

A

Caused serious health issues, mercury poisoning, effected the community, their way of tradition and fishing practices.

45
Q

The ojibwe community has what crime done to them. What happened due to it

A

Mercury dumping, by reeds papers,

The mercury dumping caused serious health issues, including mercury poisoning, affecting the community’s traditional fishing practices.

46
Q

How does the concept of a ‘state of exception’ affect civil liberties?

A

A state of exception allows government authorities to suspend civil liberties and the rule of law during emergencies.

47
Q

What is the significance of Georgio Agamben’s definition of ‘state of exception’?

A

Agamben’s definition highlights the potential for government overreach by allowing the suspension of rights under certain circumstances.

48
Q

What is a common outcome of state crimes on marginalized communities?

A

State crimes often result in long-lasting social harm, including health issues and cultural disruption within marginalized communities.

49
Q

What was the broader societal impact of the toxic waste incident discussed in the lecture?

A

The incident led to plummeting property values and long-term health consequences for residents in the affected area.

50
Q

How can a state of exception be invoked?

A

A state of exception can be invoked by government authorities through compelling arguments, often requiring majority support in legislative bodies.

51
Q

What event led to the invocation of the War Measures Act in Canada?

A

The October Crisis of 1970, involving the FLQ’s terrorist activities, including kidnappings, prompted the invocation of the War Measures Act.

52
Q

What prompted Justin Trudeau to invoke the Emergencies Act in 2022?

A

response to the Freedom Convoy protests against vaccine mandates in Ottawa.

53
Q

How do states justify the suspension of rights during a state of exception?

A

States often justify the suspension of rights by presenting compelling arguments about the necessity to maintain order and security during crises.

54
Q

What are the consequences of government overreach during a state of exception?

A

Government overreach can lead to public distrust, erosion of civil rights, and potential legal repercussions for authorities after the state of exception ends.

55
Q

In what ways can a state of exception affect marginalized communities?

A

Marginalized communities often bear the brunt of state of exception measures, facing increased surveillance, detention, and discrimination.

56
Q

What is limited liability in the context of corporate crime?

A

Limited liability protects individuals associated with a corporation from personal financial loss due to the corporation’s criminal actions.

57
Q

What role does risk assessment play in corporate crime?

A

Risk assessment helps corporations determine the potential financial benefits of committing crimes versus the likelihood of getting caught and penalized.

58
Q

What is the significance of the quote by Edward Tirlo regarding corporations and criminality?

A

Edward Tirlo’s quote highlights the lack of personal accountability for corporations, suggesting they operate without fear of punishment or moral condemnation.

59
Q

How are safety violations categorized under corporate crime?

A

Safety violations in corporate crime can include practices that lead to unsafe working conditions or the sale of harmful products.

60
Q

What might influence a corporation’s decision to engage in illegal activities?

A

The potential for profit, weighed against the risks of detection and legal repercussions, can influence a corporation’s decision to engage in illegal activities.

61
Q

How does the threshold for liability differ between civil and criminal cases?

A
62
Q

The threshold for liability in civil cases is lower, requiring only a balance of probabilities, while criminal cases require proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

A
63
Q

How can corporations manipulate public perception through advertising?

A

Corporations can manipulate public perception by framing their financial penalties or contributions as positive community support, obscuring their criminal past.

64
Q

How did the company attempt to mitigate the toxic waste’s impact before selling the land?

A

The company claimed to have shielded the canal with clay to prevent seepage into the surrounding area.

65
Q

What is xenology in the context of social harm?

A

Xenology is the study of social harms, examining the impacts of state and corporate actions on communities.

66
Q

What was the legal consequence for Reed Paper regarding the mercury dumping?

A

Reed Paper reached a legal settlement with the Grassy Narrows First Nations, providing some financial compensation but no criminal charges were filed.

67
Q

What are the implications of political and economic crimes in governance?

A

Political and economic crimes can intertwine, where political power is abused for personal or corporate financial gain.

68
Q

How did the company involved in the toxic waste scandal evade responsibility initially?

A

The company used a limited liability waiver to transfer responsibility for the contaminated land to the school board.

69
Q

What is the relationship between corporate crime and environmental harm?

A

Corporate crime often results in environmental harm, which can lead to significant public health crises and community devastation.

70
Q

What is the state of exception?

A

A state of exception is a situation in which a government suspends normal laws and civil liberties, often justified by an emergency or crisis.

71
Q

What is the War Measures Act?

A

The War Measures Act was a controversial Canadian law that allowed for the suspension of civil liberties and the detention of individuals without warrants during national emergencies.

72
Q

What was the outcome of invoking the War Measures Act during the October Crisis?

A

The invocation led to mass arrests and the suspension of civil liberties for individuals perceived as sympathetic to the FLQ.

73
Q

What are the implications of invoking emergency powers on civil liberties?

A

Invoking emergency powers often raises concerns about government overreach and the erosion of civil liberties, as seen in historical instances.

74
Q

What is the relationship between a state of exception and authoritarianism?

A

A state of exception can facilitate temporary authoritarian measures, allowing governments to bypass normal legal constraints.

75
Q

What historical context surrounds the October Crisis?

A

The October Crisis occurred in the context of rising nationalist sentiments in Quebec and the FLQ’s desire for independence from English Canada.

76
Q

What is the significance of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in relation to states of exception?

A

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms aims to protect individual rights, raising questions about its effectiveness during instances of state of exception.

77
Q

What is the consequence of the toxic waste dumping by the company in the lecture?

A

The toxic waste dumping led to severe health issues in the community, including birth defects and increased cancer rates.

78
Q

What does the term ‘state crime’ refer to?

A

State crime refers to crimes committed by nation states or on behalf of them to advance the interests of those in political power.

79
Q

What are the types of state crime identified in the lecture?

A

Types of state crime include crimes by security forces, political crimes, economic crimes, and social/cultural crimes.

80
Q

What were the conditions for indigenous children in Canadian residential schools?

A

Indigenous children in residential schools were subjected to forced assimilation, abuse, and were prohibited from speaking their languages or practicing their culture.

81
Q

What is the Emergencies Act?

A

The Emergencies Act is a modern Canadian law that allows for the declaration of a national emergency and the implementation of special measures to respond to it.

82
Q

What is the significance of Pierre Elliott Trudeau’s statement ‘just watch it’?

A
83
Q

Trudeau’s statement during the October Crisis highlighted the government’s resolve in enforcing the War Measures Act amidst public concern over civil liberties.

A
84
Q

What role did the FLQ play in the October Crisis?

A

The FLQ, a Quebec separatist group, engaged in violent acts, including kidnappings and bombings, to promote their agenda for a sovereign Quebec.

85
Q

How did the public react to the invocation of the War Measures Act?

A

Public reaction was mixed, with some supporting the government’s actions as necessary for safety, while others viewed it as an excessive response infringing on civil liberties.

Criminology concepts last test (5 decks)

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