AHI FINAL WI25 Flashcards
How can we understand the divides of Latin America?
Geographically and Linguistically
Brazil is the only country that doesn’t speak Spanish in South America T/F?
False
America was named as such because?
- It was feminized to fit with Europe, Asia, and Africa
- America Vespucci was the first to reach it.
Some notable features of the Gutierrez map were:
Appalachians
Lake Titicaca
Brazilian cannibals
Amazon River
The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world between France and Spain T/F?
False (Portugal and Spain)
Maps in the 16th century operated in what ways?
Structures of power
Imperialist tools for sterotypes
Encouraged fear of the unfamiliar
Eckhout’s Eries of paintings help us to understand how the Dutch encoded ______ among the colony’s population:
Ethnic Differences
Castas paintings provided what information to its viewers?
Social mobility
Explain race mixing scientifically
Classify and categorize race
Art academia in Latin America
Shaped cultural, intellectual, and artistic life during the colonial period and years after.
Costumbrismo often followed popular forms of fictionalized local “types” like gauchos, street-sellers, and markets. T/F?
True
In the late 19th century, photography of Indigenous and Afro populations (in Brazil and Chile) often showcased the violent realities that many faced in life T/F?
False
Modernism in Latin America happens in a very linear manner - we can dedicate a specific timeline to it T/F?
False
Modernism in Latin America arises based on a need to move away from what?
Academic painting and European influence
The Gaucho played an important role for Uruguay and Argentina for the following reasons:
Major role in colonial independence
Romantization of land and rural life
Historical link to development of region
Neo-criollo and Pan-lengua were developed by who to create a shared Latin American connection?
Xul Solar
Manifestos, like Pau-Brasil and Manifesto Antropofago, sought to prioritize what?
Uniquely Brazilian work, afro-heritage, indigenous traditions, and brasilidade.
We might characterize Tasila do Amaral’s Morro da favela (1924) as:
using a primitive visual language and a generic landscape
In his essay, “New world, new races, and new art, Jose Clemente Orozco proposes what?
muralism is universal
Rivera’s Zapatista Landscape (1915) includes the following elements:
manifesto, rifle, sombrero, serape, and Mexican landscape
The Epic of the Mexican People in their Struggle for Freedom and Independence by Diego Rivera can be read in a chronological manner and depicts only the contemporary history of Mexico (ie the 1920s:) T/F
False
Rivera’s Epic of the Mexican People in their struggle for Freedom and Independence notes what key feature relating to the Aztec foundation story?
The eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its mouth
Rivera’s Man at the Crossroads in Rockefeller Center was destroyed for its inclusion of which controversial figure?
Vladimir Lenin
What are some main characteristic of Man at the Crossroads that demonstrates Rivera’s political position?
technical progress bonded to social change
capitalism vs communism
challenging patrons’ ideas on power via technology
How might we understand the concept of dialectic in Orozco’s mural at the New School?
Lenin is represented as neither good nor bad and a general ambivalence can be seen around the politics of the moment.
Much of the depictions of the worker/Indigenous person revolve around racial constructions versus class constructions. T/F
False
Kahlo’s dress on the right displays what following connection?
Connection to Tehuana society
Photography during the revolutionary years in Mexico served to
document: everyday life of Mexicans, the historical moment, ALL people involved in the struggle, the changes happening
Pogolotti’s work demonstrates a connection to what key term?
Marxism & Class Struggle
Enriquez’s use of expressionism with the non-mimetic use and broad strokes of color help us to understand what?
dire and harsh conditions of peasants
Social realism focused on what?
Social messages
Anti-imperialism
Class Consciousness
Jose Carlo Mariategui’s Indian Question expresses that the problems that befall indigenous populations are?
Economic and land issues
Amauta was founded by Mariategui and operated only in Peru T/F?
False
Indigenismo was the struggle for:
A celebration of indigenous culture and indigenous representation in the visual field.
Julia Codesido’s Mercado Indigena (Indigenous Market, 1931, showcases:
Celebration of indigenous life and women engaged in labor
Challenging women’s role in Peru, markets and economy - class struggle.
New Realism and Social Realism both grapple with class inequality T/F:
True
New realism can be characterized by its use of abstraction and expressive forms that make the subject matter difficult to identify T/F
False
Antonio Berni turned to large format painting to document the problems of the moment in Argentina because:
murals were connected to an educational function and Argentina’s government wouldn’t offer public buildings for murals.
Antonio Bernie’s character Juanito demonstrated the working-class child, while Ramona demonstrated:
the exploited woman
Ramona embodies the challenges faced by women, especially:
poverty, sexual exploitation, and social mobility
Why did Berni turn to collage and the use of materials from the street for his series, Juanito and Ramona?
to physically embody poverty
Surrealism was brought to Latin America by Europeans, especially Andre Breton. T/F
False
Wifredo Lam’s The Jungle might best display what key term?
Syncretism
Lola Alvarez Bravo’s The Dream of the Poor best examines:
The impact of capitalism on the poor.
What is a major theme in Chicano muralism?
social justice and cultural identity
Which of the following events helped shape the Chicano Mural Movement?
The Civil Rights Movement
Where were Chicano murals most commonly painted
Public spaces, such as streets and community centers
Which artist was NOT associated with the Chicano Mural Movement:
Judy Baca, Las Mujeres muralists, Willie Herren, ASCO, Diego Rivera
Diego Rivera
Which of the following was a primary influence on Chicano Muralists?
Mexican muralism of Rivera, Orozco, and Siqueiros
What was the role of murals in Chicano neighborhoods?
They served as tools of cultural affirmation and resistance
What distinguishes Chicano murals from other public artworks?
Their focus on collective identity, activism, and storytelling
Which city was a major hub for Chicano muralism?
Los Angeles
What does the term “Nuyorican” refer to?
Puerto Ricans living in New York
Which of these collectives played a major role in Nuyorican cultural production?
Taller Boricua
Which of these art forms was important to nuyorican cultural expression?
Performance, installation, and mixed media
What was a major political issues addressed by Nuyorican artists?
U.S. colonialism in Puerto Rico
How did Nuyorican artists challenge mainstream U.S. culture?
By asserting Puerto Rican identity and resistance
What is a major aesthetic characteristic of Nuyorican art?
Political and social messages using mixed media
The Nuyorican Poets Can, was an important space for:
The development of Nuyorican spoken word and visual art
Which of the following is a key feature of experimental art in Latin America?
integration of performance, installation, and political engagement
Which movement was influential in Latin American experimental art?
Concrete and Neo-Concrete movements
Which artist was associated with participatory and interactive art?
Lydia Clark
What was the role of the mural The Great Wall of Los Angeles by Judith Baca?
It depicted the history of California from a marginalized perspective
Taller Boricua, a collective founded in 1970, was significant for:
Advancing Nuyorican visual and cultural identity
Marta Minujin is best known for her work in which artistic movement?
Happenings and participatory art
Which of the following is a characteristic of Marta Minujin’s happenings?
They involved large scale participatory experiences
What was the main purpose of Marta Minujin’s ephemeral art?
To create temporary, immersive experiences that challenged traditional art forms.
Which of the following materials did Marta Minujin frequently use?
Everyday and unconventional materials like mattresses, books, and neon lights.
Lydia Clark’s Bichos (1960s):
Relied on interaction and manipulation of the viewer
The Concrete art movement in Latin America emphasized:
Pure geometric abstraction
Neo-concrete artists, like Oiticica and Clark, rejected:
the rigid mathematical structures of Concrete art
The Neo-concrete movement emerged in which country?
Brazil
What did Neo-Concrete artists introduce to abstract art?
Sensory engagement and viewer participation
How did Neo-Concrete art redefine the relationship between artwork and viewer?
By making the viewer an active participant
A Day in the Street (1966) by GRAV invited the public to:
participate in interactive optical and kinetic experiments in urban spaces
The goal of GRAV’s a Day in the Street was to:
Disrupt passive spectatorship by making everyday people engage with kinetic and optical experiments
A Day in the Street took place in which city?
Paris
What was a defining characteristic of Op-kInetic art in Argentina?
The use of movement, light, and optical illusions to engage the viewer dynamically
Which of the following Argentine artists was associated with Op-Kinetic art?
Julio Le Parc
How did Argentine Op-Kinetic artists differ from traditional painters?
They created works that required active participation and often changed with movement or light.
Which of these materials or techniques was frequently used in Argentine Op-Kinetic art?
Reflective surface and motorized elements.
What is the main theme of Amado M. Pena Jr.’s Mestizo?
The blending of Indigenous and European identities in Chicano culture
What medium did Pena use for Mestizo?
Screenprint on paper
Amado Pena’s work often highlights
Resilience and cultural heritage of mestizaje
The mural Las Lechugueras was painted in response to:
The harsh working conditions faced by Latina agricultural workers
Which of the following symbols appears in Las Lechugueras?
women with baskets of lettuce, representing labor and survival
What is the central theme of Yreina Cervantes’ La Offend mural?
Chicana feminism and Indigenous spirituality
La Offend features a tribute to which historical figure?
Dolores Huerta
Which visual elements are prominent in La Ofrenda?
symbolic references to Indigenous traditions and activism
How does La Ofrenda engage with feminist themes?
By celebrating the role of women in activism and resistance
What is the primary theme of Fernando Salicrup’s Una vez mas Columbus 1978?
a critique of colonialism’s lasting impact on Puerto Rico
How does Una vez mas Columbus engage with the legacy of colonialism
by questioning the glorification of Columbus and addressing Indigenous resistance.
What artistic techniques does Salicruup use in Una ves mas Columbus?
Bold colors and graphic elements that recall printmaking and muralism
Which of the following best describes Una vez mas Columbus?
A politically charged artwork that challenges Eurocentric history
What does Marcus Dimas’ pariah (1971-72) represent?
The alienation and marginalization of Puerto Ricans in the U.S.
What connection can be drawn between Pariah and Velasquez’s Portrait of Juan Pareja
Breaking free of restricting conventions and representation of diversity
What visual techniques did Marcos Dimas use in Pariah?
Expressive forms and symbolic imagery that reflect themes of displacement
Pariah reflects which aspect of Nuyorican identity?
The struggle for cultural recognition and resistance against discrimination
How does Pareja Taina challenge dominant historical narratives?
by visually reclaiming indigenous identity in Puerto Rican history
What visual characteristic define Pareja Taina?
Stylized, graphic forms that emphasize Indigenous aesthetics
What broader message does Tufino convey in Pareja Taina?
A reaffirmation of Taino survival and cultural pride.
What does Rafael Tufino’s Taller Boricua (1970) focus on?
puerto rican man laying splayed on a flag
The strength and resilience of Puerto Rican working-class communities.
How does Taller Alma Boricua reflect Tufino’s commitment to community-based art?
By using printmaking to make art accessible and representative of the local
Why was printmaking important for the Taller Boricua movement, including works like Taller Alma Boricua?
It allowed for the democratization and mass distribution of art.
Which of the following artists was associated with the Chilean collective CADA?
Lotty Rosenfeld
The Tucuman Arde project (1968) was primarily a response to:
the military dictatorship’s economic policies in Argentina
protesting the cuts made on banana? farms
What symbol did Lotty Rosenfeld repeatedly use in her urban interventions
The mathematical plus sign (+)
what was one of the main goals of CADA in Chile?
to merge art and activism to resist the Pinochet regime
The work “Para no motor de hombre en el arte” (To Not Die of Hunger in Art_ by CADA involved
Distributing milk as a symbol of basic human rights
Graciela Carnevale’s Encierro’ involved
locking an audience inside a gallery space
Helio Oiticica’s concept of Parangoles’ encouraged
The interaction between art and the body through wearable sculptures
Cildo Meireles’ ‘Insertions into Ideological Circuits’ used
Currency and Coca-Cola bottles to spread subversive messages
Lygia Pape’s Divisor (divider) encouraged:
Public participation towards a collective experience
In Mexico, the collectives “Los Grupos’ was known for:
their anti-institutional approach and street-based interventions
Who was the Brazilian artist known for creating participatory art that invited the viewer to interact with the artwork, challenging the role of the spectator?
Helio Oiticica
Which Brazilian artist is best known for their Bicho works, which were deigned to be manipulated by the viewer as part of the artistic experience?
Lygia Clark
In the context of feminist art, which Mexican artist’s work often explored issues of gender, identity, and social roles in a male-dominated society?
Monica Mayer
Maris Bustamante was a key figure in which artistic movement, known for questioning gender roles and challenging societal norms?
Feminist Art Movement
Marca Registrada by Leticia Parente utilized with novel form of media?
sewing into the foot
Video
A main theme in March Registrada surrounds
Commodification and control of the broader body under authoritarianism
The Tropicalia movement in Brazil was heavily influenced by which of the following artistic strategies?
Merging of pop culture and politics
In Mexico, Los Grupos predominantly responded to what major event?
Tlatelolco Massacre
Which Argentine conceptual artist is known for using ht eParthenon of Books to critique censorship during the dictatorship
Marta Minujin
What was a key theme in the art produced by Argentine and Chilean artists under the military dictatorships?
The struggle against censorship and for human rights
Helio Oiticica’s Parangolés sought to combine art with:
Performance and movement
Maris Bustamante is known for which type of art that directly addresses issues of gender and feminism?
performance art and installations
What los grupos does the work of Mexican artist Maris bustamate belong to?
No Grupo
In what way did Los Groups in Mexico engage with political activism through their art?
They used street art and public installations to critique the government.
What was the central theme of the insertions into Ideological Circuits by Cildo Meireles?
Censorship, repression, and the control of information
Oscar bony’s La familia obrera (The Working Family) is a performance that aimed to critique:
The exploitation of the working class
Oscar Bony’s La familia Berea involved:
a Traditional family sitting on a plinth for a live audience
What was the political context of Oscar Bony’s La familia obrera?
Argentina under military dictatorship
Roberto Plate’s Los Banos (The Bathrooms) is known for addressing themes of:
The role of private spaces in dictatorial regimes
What was the significance of the Tucuman Arde project
It was a critique of the working conditions of sugarcane industry handled by the acting government
What medium did the artists involved in Tucuman Arde primarily use?
Photographs and newsprint
The Madres de la Plaza de Mayo are known for:
Their protests against the forced disappearance by the military dictatorship
The Madres de la Plaza de Mayo began their protests in
1976
Which of the following tactics did the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo employ in their protests?
Silent marches wearing white headscarves
CADA was a Chilean collective that used which method of art to confront the dictatorship?
Public, interactive performances and interventions
CADA used their performances to:
Protest censorship and authoritarian control
What was the theme of Viuda by CADA
protest for the widows and women related to those disappeared
Carlos Leppe’s El perchero (The Clothe Rack) is a work that uses:
a metaphor to discuss power, identity, and the human body
El perchero by Carlos Leppe critiques the relationship between:
The body and the state’s control over it
What is the central theme of La conquest de America by Yeguas del Apocalipsis?
gay bloody dancing
a critiqué of the conquest of Latin America and ongoing imperialism
How did the Tropically movement challenge traditional Brazilian sterotypes
By subverting the image of Brazil as purely exotic and folkloric culture
How does La Cueca in La Conquista de America by Yeguas del Apocalipsis serve as a symbol in the collective’s critique of Chilean society and history?
It uses the traditional Chilean folk dance to cirque the ongoing repression of populations.
What is Latin American Art?
Field established in U.S. Museum of Art
Art Biennials
large international art exhibitions held every 2 years that foster cultural exchange and dialogue.
Economic and Political Shifts (week 10)
Neo liberal and privatization funding
Globalization
increasing interconnectedness of artistic production, circulation, and reception across cultures. Shaped by economic, tech, and politics.
2009 Havana Biennial
How to break the U.S./western monopoly on art by centering the global south. socially engaged form of art - public intervention, community projects, collaborations.
Alfredo Jaar A Logo For America in Times Square
challenges U.S. centric juxtaposing text and map - U.S. does not equal America
Alfredo Jaar - One Million Finnish passports 1995
critiques of naturalism, nationalism, citizenship, and borders. conceptual
Cildo Meireles- Babel, 2001
Inability of global communication due to over saturation and different focuses
economic disparities from top to bottom
linguistic fragmentation, privileges of Christian imperialist languages.
Dons Salcedo, Unland - 1995-98
absense and mourning due to Colombia Civil War
organic and domestic material + everyday objects
hair = memory of people missing
Tania Bruguera Untitled 2000
part of the 7th Biennial (Havana)
audience as a collaborator
critiquing Castro via video reel looped - imperialism of commodity
Guillermo Gomez-Pena and Coco Fusco, Two Undiscovered Amerindians 1992
Edge 92 Biennial
Critique of institutions
Performance, how not much has changed
Stereotypes of difference: mask, features, breastplates, sunglasses + bonnet
Pepon Osorio, En la barber no se llora (No crying allowed in the Barbershop) 1994
Immersive and interactive installations
Juxtaposition of classical male (barber, cars, sport, phallic symbols, action) vs video of men crying + talking about experiences
multigenerational - machismo
contemporary artist
Gabriel Orozco, Working Tables, 2000-22
the process that led to success
Gabriel Orozco, Penske work project, 1998
readymade due to trash
pushy back against Western Art Market
refute the market and the current global order
Adrian Villar Rojas - Today we reboot the planet 2013
temporary restrictions
unfired clay - resistance to permanence with plants within cracks in some pieces
fragility of life with inevitable death.
Art collaborators
challenge the market by disrupting individualism
south to south conversation
to bi-pass the object
Tania Bruguera - Immigrant Movement International 2010-15
what makes an immigrant an immigrant
shared space and provided services to treat them like actual human beings
Cecilia Vicuna, Quipu Menstrual (Blood of the Glacier)
ecofeminism
critiquing mining for gold and silver in mountains that led to devastating the water supply
fragility and impermanence
Alexandra Keyayoglou 2016-17 - No Longer Creek
textile and fiber of Native landscapes in Argentina
landscape no longer exists - a way to remember them and can interact, but only to a point
performance aspect
Ernesto Neto - The Serpent’s Energy Gave Birth to Humanity
interactive crochet installations
indigenous epistemologies - knowing from indigenous perspective
part of the Venice Benniel
how to not deplete environment
living sculpture
Denilson Baniwa, Geioconda Kuhna and Terra Indigena
hacking western art - lands rights activists
break apart monoculture of indigenity
screenprint
Martine Gutierrez: Indigenous Woman 2018
magazine she (trans woman) played every part in
fashion in a satirical sense reinterpreting mythology
Regina Jose Gallindo - America’s family
1hr silent video showing a privatized made cell with a crib
critique of U.S. immigration process
Regina Jose Galindo - Looting
Guatemalan Gold fillings by a G. dentist, then travelled to dentist in Berlin to take them out and put in museum - now in NYC like other treasures
Lia Garcia - Cooking Memory 2017
trans-mexican artist - broken kitchen objects and talked as if in kitchen - where revolution - how to also break idea of woman = kitchen.
