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Question 1

Extraneous and Confounding variables

Answer 1

Extraneous = might be affected
Confounding = definitely affected

Question 2

Within subjects:

Between subjects:

Mixed design:

Answer 2

Within subjects: participants are involved in both the experiment and control conditions.

Between subjects:
Participants are randomly allocated to either the control or experimental conditions.

Mixed design:
Elements of a between subjects design and a within subjects design.

Question 3

Accuracy

Answer 3

Relates to how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured.

Question 4

Precision

Answer 4

Refers to how close a set of measurements are to each other.

Question 5

Validity

Answer 5

Refers to whether a measurement measures what it is supposed to be measuring

Question 6

Repeatability

Answer 6

How close successive measurements of the same quantity are when carried out under the SAME conditions

Question 7

Reproducibility

Answer 7

How close the measurements are to each other when carried out under DIFFERENT research conditions. We can use reproducibility to verify research findings.

Question 8

Beneficence (ethical concepts)

Answer 8

Is the commitment to maximizing benefits and minimizing harm. That is ensuring research will be beneficial to the wider community and is in the best interest to all.

Question 9

Integrity (ethical concepts)

Answer 9

Is the commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding and the honest reporting of all sources of information and results.
That is whether results are in favor of the initial research, researchers must report the findings truthfully.

Question 10

Justice (ethical concepts)

Answer 10

Involves the moral obligation to ensure all competing claims are considered fairly, that there are is no unfair burden on a particular group from and action: and that there is fair distribution and access to the benefits of an action.

That everyone is treated equally and fairly.

Question 11

Non-maleficence (ethical concepts)

Answer 11

Means to avoid causing harm.
Harm/discomfort is often unavoidable in research so ensuring that any done is scientifically justifiable and does not outweigh the benefits.

Question 12

Respect (ethical concepts)

Answer 12

Is the consideration of the value of an individual in their own right and their ability to make their own decisions. Also includes protecting the welfare of animals.

This means all are treated respectfully and professionally at all times during research, with respect to their own cultural beliefs and religious practices and individual characteristics.

Question 13

Two types of Neurotransmitters we need to learn

Answer 13

Glutamate (excitatory)

GABA (inhibitory)

Question 14

Two types of neuromodulators we need to learn

Answer 14

Dopamine

Serotonin

Question 15

Comparison of Neurotransmitters to Neuromodulators

Answer 15

A neuromodulator is involved in strengthening or weakening a neural message, whereas a neurotransmitter is involved in the speed of a neural message.

Question 16

Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional model of Stress and Coping.

Answer 16

Primary Appraisal:
How significant and relevant is the stressor?
What harm can it do to me?
-Harm/loss
-Threat
-Challenge

Therefore, it is a threat/it is a challenge.

Secondary appraisal
What resources (internal and external) do I have to cope with/or overcome the stressor.

(continue later)

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

Antecedent: the environment

Behavior: Voluntary learnt response to the environment

Consequence: Reinforcers or punishment which follows the behavior.

Question 18

Classical conditioning

Answer 18

Before Conditioning:
NS = no response
UCS = UCR

During conditioning
Repeated association of the NS + UCS = UCR

After Conditioning
CS = CR

Question 19

Observational learning

Answer 19

Attention: The learner must actively watch/focus on the model (they are focusing on the details)

Retention: The learner must store a mental representation of the behavior in their memory (remembering)

Reproduction: The learner must be able to physically and mentally do the action (must be able to replicate)

Motivation: The learner must have the desire to do the behavior.

Reinforcement: If there is a good outcome they are more likely to do the behavior again (reinforcement can be through the model, third party, personal, or vicarious)

Question 20

Hippocampus

Answer 20

Explicit memory

Bringing memories to the forefront of our minds and sending memories away

Location for part of the encoding and storge process of declarative memories before these memories are transferred to more Permanente storage areas of the cerebral cortex.

Question 20

Amygdala

Answer 20

Explicit memory

Emotions

The amygdala is essential in the formation of implicit memories and emotional memory.

Question 20

Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-Store Model of Memory

Question 21

Neocortex

Answer 21

Explicit memory

Storage

Question 22

Basal Ganglia

Answer 22

Implicit memory

Habits

Question 23

Cerebellum

Answer 23

Implicit memory

Things we can’t forget how to do (second nature).

Question 24

Explicit and implicit memory

Answer 24

Explicit memory (declarative):
Memory that is consciously or intentionally recalled

Implicit memory (procedural):
Memory that is unconsciously or unintentionally recalled.

Question 25

Explicit memory

Answer 25

Explicit memory (declarative):
Memory that is consciously or intentionally recalled

Semantic memory:
Facts and general knowledge

Episodic memory:
Personal experiences

Question 26

Implicit memory

Answer 26

Implicit memory (procedural):
Memory that is unconsciously or unintentionally recalled.

Procedural memory:
Simple motor responses

Classically conditioned memory:
Simple classically conditioned responses e.g., fear and anxiety

Question 27

Circadian rhythms and Ultradian rhythms

Answer 27

Circadian rhythms:
Biological processes in all animals that coordinate the timing of body systems over a 24-hour period

Ultradian rhythms:
Ultradian rhythms are biological processes that coordinate the timing of activity of body systems over periods of less than 24-hours.

Question 28

Melatonin

Answer 28

A hormone that induces drowsiness and decreases cell activity.

Question 29

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 29

the suprachiasmatic nucleus is a master body clock in the hypothalamus that regulates body activities to a daily schedule of sleep and wakefulness.

The SCN can be influences by the following zeitgebers which includes things such as:
- Exercise
- Social activity
- Eating patterns
- Temperatures

Question 30

Hypothesis

Answer 30

It was hypothesized that (population) who were exposed to (IV) would have (direction) of (DV) compared to the group that did not (IV).

Question 31

SEWB model

Answer 31

Social, Historical, Political, Cultural

Connection to culture, connection to family and kinship