AHD - Test 2 Flashcards
Radiation - high energy particles (name 3)
Alpha, beta, and neutrons
Radiation - electromagnetic waves (name 2)
X-rays and gamma rays
Radiation - type of particle that penetrates skin only
Alpha
Radiation - type of particle that penetrates skin and soft tissue
Beta
Radiation - type of wave that penetrates to internal organs
Gamma rays
Radiation - what particle is a large, positively charged, helium nuclei that can be consumed orally or administered IV for local treatment?
Alpha particle
Radiation - what particle is a small, negatively charged electron used in electron beam therapy?
Beta particle
Radiation - what waves are uncharged photons that are produced by the natural decay of radioactive materials?
Gamma rays
Radiation - what are x-rays?
Similar to gamma rays but emitted artificially from tungsten when bombarded by electrons.
How does radiation damage occur?
The interaction of radiation with water molecules within the cell creates free radicals that cause direct cellular damage.
Two agents that can be used to reverse radiation fibrosis
1) Pentoxyphilline a methyl xanthine derivative
2) Alpha tocopherol (vit E)
Acute radiation toxicities
Caused by damage to the basal membrane and depleting the supply of stem cells. Symptoms include mucositis, skin erythema, xerostomia
Late radiation toxicities
Caused by fibrosis that can affect the subcutaneous tissues, musculature, and joints. Symptoms include trismus, neck stiffness, aching, and swallowing difficulties, voice changes, osteoradionecrosis
Hyperacute Transplant Rejection: Onset, Mechanism, Tissue Histology, Type of Hypersensitivity.
Onset: Immediate
Mechanism: ABO incompatibility
Tissue Histology: Thrombosis and occlusion of graft vessels
Type of Hypersensitivity: II
Acute Transplant Rejection: Onset, Mechanism, Tissue Histology, Type of Hypersensitivity.
Onset: Weeks to Months
Mechanism: T-cell response against foreign MHC
Tissue Histology: Leukocyte infiltration of graft vessels
Type of Hypersensitivity: IV
Chronic Transplant Rejection: Onset, Mechanism, Tissue Histology, Type of Hypersensitivity.
Onset: Months to Years
Mechanism: T-cell mediated process resulting from foreign MHC “looking like” a self MHC carrying an antigen
Tissue Histology: Intimal thickening and fibrosis of graft vessels
Type of Hypersensitivity: III and IV
Graft vs Host disease: Onset, Mechanism, Presentation Type of Hypersensitivity.
Onset: Varies
Mechanism: Donor t-cells in the graft proliferate and attack the recipients tissues
Presentation: Diarrhea, rash, jaundice
Type of Hypersensitivity: IV
When does the axial skeleton begin forming?
3rd week of gestation
Bony skeleton, muscles, fascia, and skin are derived from what?
Mesodermal somites bordering the central notochord
When does the skeleton begin to chondrify?
6th week of gestation
Extensor muscles of the vertebral column are derived from the ? myotomes and are are innervated by ? rami of the spinal nerves
Expaxial
Posterior
All the other muscles of the trunk, besides the extensor muscles of the vertebral column, are derived from the ? myotomes and are innervated by the ? rami
Hypaxial
Ventral
Angiogenesis begins in which week of gestation?
3rd
Special feature of the lumbar triangles of the back?
Does not contain all the muscle layers of the back
Boundaries of the inferior lumbar triangle
The latissimus medially, the external oblique laterally, and the iliac crest inferiorly
Boundaries of the superior lumbar triangle
12th rib superiorly, the quadrates lumborum medially, and the internal oblique laterally
Medial attachments of the latissimus dorsi
The spinous processes of C7–T12 vertebrae, the superior nuchal line, and ligamentum nuchae
Lateral attachments of the latissimus dorsi
The lateral third of the clavicle, the medial acromion process, and the scapular spine
Only muscle innervated by a cranial nerve and which CN
Latissimus dorsi and spinal accessory
Latissimus dorsi Mathes and Nahai type and blood supply?
Type II
Blood supply from branches of the transverse cervical artery
