AHD - Test 2

Question 1

Radiation - high energy particles (name 3)

Answer 1

Alpha, beta, and neutrons

Question 2

Radiation - electromagnetic waves (name 2)

Answer 2

X-rays and gamma rays

Question 3

Radiation - type of particle that penetrates skin only

Answer 3

Alpha

Question 4

Radiation - type of particle that penetrates skin and soft tissue

Answer 4

Beta

Question 5

Radiation - type of wave that penetrates to internal organs

Answer 5

Gamma rays

Question 6

Radiation - what particle is a large, positively charged, helium nuclei that can be consumed orally or administered IV for local treatment?

Answer 6

Alpha particle

Question 7

Radiation - what particle is a small, negatively charged electron used in electron beam therapy?

Answer 7

Beta particle

Question 8

Radiation - what waves are uncharged photons that are produced by the natural decay of radioactive materials?

Answer 8

Gamma rays

Question 9

Radiation - what are x-rays?

Answer 9

Similar to gamma rays but emitted artificially from tungsten when bombarded by electrons.

Question 10

How does radiation damage occur?

Answer 10

The interaction of radiation with water molecules within the cell creates free radicals that cause direct cellular damage.

Question 11

Two agents that can be used to reverse radiation fibrosis

Answer 11

1) Pentoxyphilline a methyl xanthine derivative

2) Alpha tocopherol (vit E)

Question 12

Acute radiation toxicities

Answer 12

Caused by damage to the basal membrane and depleting the supply of stem cells. Symptoms include mucositis, skin erythema, xerostomia

Question 13

Late radiation toxicities

Answer 13

Caused by fibrosis that can affect the subcutaneous tissues, musculature, and joints. Symptoms include trismus, neck stiffness, aching, and swallowing difficulties, voice changes, osteoradionecrosis

Question 14

Hyperacute Transplant Rejection: Onset, Mechanism, Tissue Histology, Type of Hypersensitivity.

Answer 14

Onset: Immediate
Mechanism: ABO incompatibility
Tissue Histology: Thrombosis and occlusion of graft vessels
Type of Hypersensitivity: II

Question 15

Acute Transplant Rejection: Onset, Mechanism, Tissue Histology, Type of Hypersensitivity.

Answer 15

Onset: Weeks to Months
Mechanism: T-cell response against foreign MHC
Tissue Histology: Leukocyte infiltration of graft vessels
Type of Hypersensitivity: IV

Question 16

Chronic Transplant Rejection: Onset, Mechanism, Tissue Histology, Type of Hypersensitivity.

Answer 16

Onset: Months to Years
Mechanism: T-cell mediated process resulting from foreign MHC “looking like” a self MHC carrying an antigen
Tissue Histology: Intimal thickening and fibrosis of graft vessels
Type of Hypersensitivity: III and IV

Question 17

Graft vs Host disease: Onset, Mechanism, Presentation Type of Hypersensitivity.

Answer 17

Onset: Varies
Mechanism: Donor t-cells in the graft proliferate and attack the recipients tissues
Presentation: Diarrhea, rash, jaundice
Type of Hypersensitivity: IV

Question 18

When does the axial skeleton begin forming?

Answer 18

3rd week of gestation

Question 19

Bony skeleton, muscles, fascia, and skin are derived from what?

Answer 19

Mesodermal somites bordering the central notochord

Question 20

When does the skeleton begin to chondrify?

Answer 20

6th week of gestation

Question 21

Extensor muscles of the vertebral column are derived from the ? myotomes and are are innervated by ? rami of the spinal nerves

Answer 21

Expaxial

Posterior

Question 22

All the other muscles of the trunk, besides the extensor muscles of the vertebral column, are derived from the ? myotomes and are innervated by the ? rami

Answer 22

Hypaxial

Ventral

Question 23

Angiogenesis begins in which week of gestation?

Answer 23

3rd

Question 24

Special feature of the lumbar triangles of the back?

Answer 24

Does not contain all the muscle layers of the back

Question 25

Boundaries of the inferior lumbar triangle

Answer 25

The latissimus medially, the external oblique laterally, and the iliac crest inferiorly

Question 26

Boundaries of the superior lumbar triangle

Answer 26

12th rib superiorly, the quadrates lumborum medially, and the internal oblique laterally

Question 27

Medial attachments of the latissimus dorsi

Answer 27

The spinous processes of C7–T12 vertebrae, the superior nuchal line, and ligamentum nuchae

Question 28

Lateral attachments of the latissimus dorsi

Answer 28

The lateral third of the clavicle, the medial acromion process, and the scapular spine

Question 29

Only muscle innervated by a cranial nerve and which CN

Answer 29

Latissimus dorsi and spinal accessory

Question 30

Latissimus dorsi Mathes and Nahai type and blood supply?

Answer 30

Type II

Blood supply from branches of the transverse cervical artery