Agronomy General Knowledge Flashcards
Which of the following represents a fixed cost in a row-crop operation?
a. Labor
b. Depreciation on equipment
c. Fuel
d. Fertilizer
Depreciation on equipment
___________ is a type of pre-harvest loss where stems break and plants fall to the ground
Lodging
Which of the following facts can be found on a seed tag?
a. Country of origin
b. Percent hard seed
c. Percent chaff
d. Weight of bag
Percent hard seed
If a producer wants a corn population of 23,500 seeds per acre, and the seed is 80% viable and 90% pure, how many seeds per acre do they need to plant?
a. 21,150
b. 47,000
c. 32,638
d. 18,800
32,638
In the disease triangle, the ____ is the sum of conditions favoring susceptibility.
Host
Which of the following grasses is a warm-season grass?
a. Big Bluestem
b. Timothy
c. Kentucky Bluegrass
d. Tall Fescue
Big Bluestem
Unheated air may be used to dry harvested grain that contains no more than ______ moisture
15%
Which of the following plants is not classified as a legume?
a. Alfalfa
b. Clover
c. Birdsfoot Trefoil
d. All of these are legumes
All of these are legumes
Which of the following processes can decrease soil bulk density?
a. Wheel traffic on wet soils
b. Adding organic matter
c. Removal of crop residues
d. Continuous tillage
Adding organic matter
In using a rye cover crop for soybeans, a 2021 study showed early-season weed emergence was suppressed by about _____ when cereal rye was terminated before stem elongation was complete and a residual herbicide was applied at soybean planting
97%
Which of the following are factor(s) used in federal grain grading?
a. Moisture content
b. Test weight per bushel
c. All of these are factors in federal grain grading
d. Color
Test weight per bushel
During which stage of growth do plant nutrient needs dramatically increase?
Vegetative growth
Which of the following is true about purple-stained soybeans?
a. Symptoms appear in R3 stage
b. Caused by fungus Cercospora kikuchii
c. Caused by wet conditions at pod fill followed by dry weather
d. All of these are true
Caused by fungus Cercospora kikuchii
______________ refers to the projected loss of a crop that is equivalent to the cost of the treatment.
Economic threshold
The _________________ has the mission to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment upon which life depends. They enforce state and federal laws developed to protect the environment.
Environmental Protection Service
_____________ is the system of planning narrow seedbeds without disturbing the soil, using herbicides to control weeds.
No-till
Evapotranspiration (ET) rate is largely a function of __________.
Atmospheric demand
Which of the following is a symptom of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) damage?
a. Leaves wilt in the morning more than those of healthy plants
b. Occurs in small to large oval areas of a field
c. Roots will appear lighter in color
d. Roots will have more nitrogen fixing nodules
Occurs in small to large oval areas of a field
Which type of erosion is small channels formed by running water that are small enough for implements to pass over, and can be easily filled?
Rill
________ protect soil surface from running water, raindrops, and wind erosion by slowing water and wind velocity, allowing sedimentation.
Cover crops
Which of the following particles contributes most to the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of a soil (by weight)?
a. Illite clay
b. Kaolinite clay
c. Soil organic matter
d. Vermiculite clay
Soil organic matter
_________ refers to the amount of chemical that is required to cause death in 50% of a test population of laboratory animals
LD 50
___________ refers to the release of a nutrient when an organic materials (e.g. soil organic matter) is decomposed by soil microorganisms.
Mineralization
Which of the following crops has the lowest annual water usage?
a. Corn
b. Grain Sorghum
c. Soybeans
d. Alfalfa
Grain Sorghum
Plant available P is generally highest over a pH range of ______
5.5 – 7.0
When using manure for fertilizer, which of the following statements is true?
a. Less decomposed manure contains less organic N
b. All animal manure has similar nutrient content
c. As manure loses water, Ammonium (NH4+) is converted to Ammonia (NH3) and lost to volatilization.
d. Inorganic compounds like Phosphorus become more soluble as precipitates form
As manure loses water, Ammonium (NH4+) is converted to Ammonia (NH3) and lost to volatilization.
_________ is the conversion of organic N to ammonium (NH4+) by microorganisms as they decompose organic materials
Ammonification/Mineralization
Pesticide absorption through the skin is known as ____________________ absorption.
Dermal
Plant pathogens who survive as mycelia, spores, and sclerotia in infected plants, debris, soil, and insects is known as ________.
Fungi
Which of the following is NOT a hazard or limitation for cropping?
a. High water table of less than 3.5 feet
b. Land slopes longer than 90 feet and/or in excess of 2% slope
c. Less than 12 inches of available water in the upper 60 inches of the profile
d. All of these are a hazard or limitation for cropping
Less than 12 inches of available water in the upper 60 inches of the profile
he moisture content of silage at harvest is generally greater than _______
50%
____________is owned and supervised by the original plant breeder (usually an agricultural experiment station). This seed requires labels or tags.
Foundation seed
Which of the following would be considered a cultural pest control system?
a. Applying an insecticide
b. Releasing a disease into an insect population
c. Crop rotation
d. Generically modified crops
Crop rotation
Which of the following practices is NOT a part of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?
a. Pesticides
b. Biological controls
c. Cultural Controls
d. All of these can be components of IPM
All of these can be components of IPM
At what grain moisture level will corn ears begin to be well dented?
35%
Which of the following is NOT a strategy for renovating a forage stand?
a. Overgraze grass during early fall and winter to remove plant material
b. Broadcast legumes in winter so freezing and thawing will cover seed
c. Avoid using Nitrogen in fertilizer mix as N stimulates older grass
d. All of these are forage stand renovation practices
All of these are forage stand renovation practices
The optimum temperature for soybeans to germinate is _________.
68 F
What bacterium is necessary for soybean nitrogen fixation?
Rhizobium japonicum
_______________ are adventitious roots produced above ground, often for climbing.
Aerial Root
Which of the following is NOT a high moisture forage storage system
a. Bunker silo
b. Bags
c. Silo
d. All of these are high moisture forage systems
All of these are high moisture forage systems
At what stage should alfalfa be harvested for hay?
First flower
Which of the following is NOT a corn pest from emergence to knee-high?
a. Thrips
b. All of these are pests from emergence to knee high
c. Southern corn rootworm beetle
d. Billbugs
All of these are pests from emergence to knee high
Which crop is typically planted using the drill method?
Wheat
The husk on the front, ventricle side of the grass seed is known as the _______
Palea
What is a characteristic of using direct heat drying of grain?
Potential to overdry grain (reducing quality)
What is the minimum heat units DD-60s necessary for planting cotton?
0
Which of the following nutrients are not mineralized from soil organic matter?
a. All of these can be mineralized from soil organic matter
b. Phosphorus
c. Nitrogen
d. Sulfur
All of these can be mineralized from soil organic matter
When is forage nutrient value the highest? (PS 43)
Early growth
What new technology allows farmers to apply herbicides and other pesticides through the air?
UAV
Why is cotton not produced in the northern climates?
cotton requires long frost-free periods
Which of the following is a fiber crop?
a. rice
b. flax
c. barley
d. soybean
flax
Seedling emergence is hindered by ________.
surface crusting
What is the Carrying Capacity of a grazing system?
the stock rate that is economically and environmentally sustainable for a particular grazing unit through the grazing season
What is the appropriate stage for maturity for harvest for smooth bromegrass?
Seed heads emerged
An average soil contains ______ mineral matter, 5% organic matter, ____ water, and 25% air.
45% and 25%
Why would hay be ammoniated?
to improve quality by breaking down cell wall linkages
If a forage has cells with thin walls what would you expect to find in the hay analysis?
low A.D. Fiber and N.D. Fiber
Which of the following increases the possibility of genetic resistance developing in a pest?
a. asexual reproduction
b. lack of selection pressure
c. long life cycle
d. single gene inheritance of resistance
single gene inheritance of resistance
What is the THC threshold that Missouri growers can grow Industrial Hemp?
0.3%
In cotton production what are DD-60s?
heat unit measurements used to manage and monitor cotton
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is the process where atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia in the root nodules of ______.
legumes
In most situations, surface soil _______ will be lower after water erosion occurs.
organic matter content
Which elements do plants obtain from the air?
C, H, O
What is the appropriate stage of maturity for harvest for timothy?
Late boot stage
When a hay sample is analyzed in the lab for forage quality only three values are measured (other than Ca, Mg, P and K) The other quality factors are then calculated using those three. Which are the three that are actually measured?
ADF, NDF, Crude Protein
Which of the following actually neutralizes soil acidity when lime is applied?
a. H+
b. CO3-
c. Ca
d. OH-
OH-
Breeding cotton for insect resistance is important because it ______
eliminates the need for spraying that also kills beneficial insects
Which crop(s) needs(s) to be vernalized to reproduce?
a. all of these
b. wheat
c. soybeans
d. corn
wheat
If substantial ammonia is lost after application of UAN, an ____ inhibitor might reduce this loss
urease
What is the appropriate stage of maturity for harvest for alfalfa?
bud to 1/10th bloom
The Universal Soil Loss Equation, A=RKLSCP uses many factors to calculate soil erosion. What does K stand for in the equation?
soil erodibility factor
What does physiological damage to plants by insects refer to?
disrupting the internal natural process of the plant
What kind of erosion removes a thin layer of soil?
sheet
_____ fungicides are absorbed by the plant and distributed internally to prevent disease infection or kill the pathogen without harming the plant?
systemic
What is the appropriate stage of maturity for harvest for orchardgrass?
blooms emerge
Greenbugs, Midge, and Webworms and major pests to which crop?
grain sorghum
Which of these crops are usually grown as hybrids?
a. grain sorghum
b. soybean
c. corn
d. a and c
e. a and b
a and b
What kind of wheat do you make spaghetti, macaroni, and noodles from?
duram
If you planted a soybean variety in extreme northern Missouri in May that was suited for extreme southeast Missouri what would happen?
it would stay green until frost
What is not an advantage of a bale age harvest system?
a. Increase of 5-6% crude protein in red clover and alfalfa bale age
b. Allows for harvest of higher moisture forage
c. Improved digestibility
d. Reduces ergo valine toxins in the forage
Reduces ergo valine toxins in the forage
Hemp is a dioecious plant. What does that mean?
It has separate male and female plants
By which method is rice planted?
a. drill-seeded
b. water-seeded
c. planted in 30-inch rows
d. a and b
e. a and c
a and c
If alfalfa is the most productive legume why isn’t it grown more widely?
a. it doesn’t thrive on acid or non-fertile soils
b. the seed is expensive
c. it is subject to winter kill
d. all of these
all of these
The part of a chromosome that determines individual plant characteristics is called a/an ___?
gene
When would not be a good time to reduce soybean planting rates?
when you are no-tilling
What is the best way to avoid herbicide resistance by weeds?
a. Using multiple effective modes of action
b. Coming back with a post emergence herbicide
c. Using a preemergence herbicide
d. all of these
all of these
Which of the following pesticides would have the highest probability to move to ground water?
a. insoluble, persistent
b. insoluble, not persistent
c. soluble, persistent
d, soluble, not persistent
soluble, persistent
When is the average date for planting rice in Missouri?
April 15-June 10
What is the appropriate stage of maturity for harvest for red clover
1/4 to 1/2 bloom
What are the benefits of cover crops?
a. erosion control
b. long term soil improvement
c. lower cost of production
d. b and c
e. a and b
a and b
As forage harvest is delayed what do you think would happen to forage quality?
NDF, ADF, and ADL would increase
What is the appropriate stage of maturity for harvest for Reed Canarygrass?
Seed heads emerged
What are N E Lact., N E Gain, and N E Maint. estimated from?
A.D Fiber
A local expert trained to aid the producer in making cotton production decisions is called a _______.
Cotton consultant
What is a cover crop?
They are crops planted when a crop field would otherwise be fallow
What is not a way that producers can control soybean cyst nematodes?
a. spray broadleaf weeds in nearby fields
b. rotate soybeans with nonhost crops
d. all of these are control measures
c. work uninfected fields first to avoid spreading in soil
d. use resistant soybean varieties
spray broadleaf weeds in nearby fields
If a forage has a nitrogen concentration of 2% what then is the Crude Protein concentration?
12.5%
At which of the following soil pHs would phosphorus be most available for plant uptake?
a. 7.2
b. 6.8
c. 7.8
d. 6.2
6.8
How many sq feet are in an acre?
43560 sq ft
How many feet are in a mile?
5280 ft
How many oz in a gallon?
128 oz
How many qts in a gallon?
4 qt
How many oz in a quart?
32 oz
How many oz in a pint?
16 oz
How many pints in a gallon?
8 pints
Which of the following would be an acceptable conservation practice for steep slope?
a. wind breaks
b. tillage perpendicular to contours
c. terracing
d. corn production
terracing
CO2 + water Chlorophyll and light energy => ______ + oxygen.
glucose
Which of the following regulates stomatal opening in plants?
a. Fe
b. P
c. K
d. N
K
Maximum plant available water is _____ minus ____.
a. field capacity, permanent wilting point
b. field capacity, gravitational water
c. permanent wilting point, field capacity
d. gravitational water, field capacity
field capacity, permanent wilting point
Yield maps __________ from year to year for the same crop.
vary
What is the most specific level of classification of plants and animals?
species
The transmission of characteristics from one generation to another is called ______.
a. reproduction
b. plant growth
c. inheritance
d. genetics
inheritance
In a typical row crop production system, most of the soil organic matter originated from ____?
a. green manures
b. organic wastes
c. crop residues
d. earthworms
crop residues
Acute pesticide poisoning is how poisonous a pesticide is to humans after ____ exposure(s).
one
Insects that have egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages undergo _______ metamorphosis.
complete
As soil pH decreases, ____ increases.
hydrogen ion concentration
Which of the following nutrients is a micronutrient?
a. Mg
b. Ca
c. S
d. Zn
Zn
_______ are used to maintain natural enemies of insect pests.
refuges
Crop sensitivity to a pesticide can vary with ____.
a. crop growth stage
b. persistence
c. resistance
d. soil humidity
crop growth stages
The soil test values in the top 2 inches of soil are _____ soil test values below 2 inches in a no-till situation.
larger than
The application of fertilizer through an irrigation system is called_____________.
fertigation
What is the ideal stage of maturity to harvest Alfalfa?
bud to 1/10th bloom
What is a biennial?
a plant that completes its life cycle in two growing years
When are soybeans most sensitive to moisture stress?
both flowering and pod development
IPM has a main goal of ______ pesticide use.
decreasing
When establishing forages what would the best fertilizer composition be?
a. high in K
b. high in P
c. high in N, P, and K
d. high in N
high in P
Which would you do first if a pesticide spill occurs?
a. cleanup the spill
b. contain the spill
c. control the spill
d. call the emergency coordinator
control the spill
Which two macronutrients make up approximately 95% of the total bases present in the soil?
Ca and Mg
Why would hay be ammoniated?
a. to lower the internal temperature
b. to improve quality by breaking down cell wall linkages
c. to prepare it for disposal
d. to make it into fertilizer
to improve quality by breaking down cell wall linkages
Which of the following plant nutrient forms is most immobile in the soil?
a. nitrate
b. sulfate
c. phosphate
d. chloride
phosphate
The Universal Soil Loss Equation, A=RKLSCP uses many factors to calculate soil erosion. What does R stand for in the equation?
rainfall factor
___ is not a limitation of cover or companion crops.
a. reduced yields
b. Increased soil erosion
c. increased cost
d. soil water depletion
Increased soil erosion
When considering soil texture as a factor in forage selection, ______ prefer deep loams.
legumes
Tile drain spacing is smallest for a _____ soil.
clay loam
What is the ideal stage of maturity to harvest Bromegrass?
seed heads emerged
Which of the following does NOT encourage pesticide resistance to develop?
a. repeated use of a single pesticide
b. alternating pesticides with different modes of action
c. repeated use of high pesticide rates
d. repeated use of pesticides with the same mode of action
alternating pesticides with different modes of action
If you subtract ________ from NDF you get the amount of hemicellulose.
ADF
Which of these grasses is not a warm season grass?
a. Bermudagrass
b. smooth brome
c. switch grass
d. big bluestem
smooth brome
This warm season grass is often called “Ice Cream” grass since it is high in nutrition and palatability. It is also highly productive but prefers loamy soils with adequate moisture.
Eastern Gamma grass
Which of the following is the most productive forage legume in Missouri?
a. soybeans
b. red clover
c. birds-foot trefoil
d. alfalfa
alfalfa
Which of the following site characteristics increases the potential for soil and water pollution by a pesticide?
a. high erosion
b. high soil organic matter
c. a deep water table
d. clay texture
high erosion
Which of the following are quality factors in determining the price of cotton lint?
a. fiber strength and length, but not color
c. fiber length
d. color
e. color, fiber strength, and fiber length
f. fiber strength
color, fiber strength, and fiber length
At what moisture content would you want to sell corn?
a.10%
b. 15.5%
c. 25%
d. 13%
15.5%
If substantial ammonia is lost after application of UAN, a ______ inhibitor might reduce this loss
urease
Pollination is ______ in an open-pollinated variety.
natural
The ideal maturity stage to harvest wheat is _______________
a. hard dough stage
b. a little past hard dough stage
c. milk stage
d. soft dough stage
a little past hard dough stage
The amount of soil that can be lost by erosion, while crop production is maintained economically for the long term is ________ ?
soil loss tolerance
Nutrient concentrations _________ change with depth
usually
Which of the following helps weeds survive and be competitive?
a. lack of seed dormancy
b. lack of shade tolerance
c. low seed production
d. high growth rate
high growth rate
Which of the following is most likely the result of seeding a summer crop too early?
a. higher yield
b. reduced germination
c. more lodging
d. less seedling disease
reduced germination
What pesticide is getting a lot of attention for “off-target movement”?
dicamba
You want to apply two pounds of active ingredient per acre. Your formulation is 80% WP. How much total formulation do you need for 60 acres?
96
Soils with ______ soil structure will have the best internal structure.
blocky
Excessive moisture generally _____ nutrient uptake
increases only N
How many gallons of chemical is needed to spray 200 acres at a rate of 1.5 pints per acre?
37.5
Seed quality is usually highest for seed stored under_________ ?
low temperature and humidity
How many ounces of 41% glyphosate will you need to put in a filled 15 gallon ATV sprayer, if you intend to end up with a 3% active ingredient solution?
141
_______ is a major way insects feed.
pierce-sucking
Which of the following is NOT one of the three sides of the disease development triangle?
a. antigen
b. pathogen
c. environment
d. host
antigen
Water moving horizontally in a soil is called ____________ flow.
lateral
ECCE is the product of Effectiveness and ____________
calcium carbonate equivalent
Which of the following has the greatest impact on infiltration?
a. surface soil texture
b. tile drains
c. evapotranspiration
d. runoff
surface soil texture
The keys to reducing the amounts of fertilizer nitrogen entering ground and surface waters are to _______ crop uptake and to _________ loss pathways such as leaching and runoff.
maximize, minimize
Which of the following increases soil water storage?
a. precipitation
b. evapotranspiration
c. runoff
d. deep percolation
precipitation
Which of the following is the least available source of nutrients?
a. soil solution
b. soil minerals
c. cation exchange sites
d. organic matter
soil minerals
advantages of starter fertilizer include ________.
a. more vigorous stand
b. lower liTigation costs
c. less week infestation
d. less erosion
more vigorous stand
Lime passing through which of the following mesh sizes would be of the greatest benefit in neutralizing soil acidity?
a. 60
b. 40
c. 10
d. 20
60
Calculate the volume of a tank (gallons) that is 6 feet in diameter and 10 feet long.
2114
Crop root growth can be affected by___________
a. insects
b. all of the these
c. acid soil
d. diseases
all of these
Which of the following is used to identify a broadleaf weed seedling?
a. ligules
b. cotyledons
c. pubescent collar
d. auricles
cotyledons
Immobilization of inorganic N during decomposition will be most likely if the material decomposing has a C:N ratio of _______
35
Which of the following is not an essential nutrient for plants?
a. Cu
b. Na
c. N
d. H
Na
When a plant nutrient is absorbed with water that is moving into the plant root, the nutrient uptake process is called ?
mass flow
Fields are fallow to conserve _______.
water
What environmental factor(s) is responsible so that some herbicides must be incorporated into the soil within 24 hours of application so that it is still effective?
a. none of these
b. water
c. microbes
d. all of these
e. light
light
Which of the following is often the most important limiting factor for a weed competing with a crop when the crop out grows the weed?
a. Oxygen
b. Water
c. Nutrients
d. Light
light
How many total gallons of spray will be needed for a field that is 1/4 mile wide and 3000 feet long, if you want to apply 15 gpa?
1364
How many lbs of 10-20-10 should be applied to an acre if the fertilizer recommendation is 60 lb/acre of P20s?
300
If you want to establish legumes in a grass pasture what would you not want to do?
apply large amounts of N fertilizer
Which of the following is most important in herbicide carry over?
a. Degradation
b. Adsorption
c. Solubility
d. Crop uptake
degradation
How many gallons of product will be needed for a 300 gallon sprayer spraying 15 gpa, if you want to apply 32 oz of product per acre?
5
Biological control agents that work best are__________
not indigenous to the crop or area
Where would you normally plant a maturity Group 2 soybean variety?
North Missouri
Which of the following would potentially lead to reduced seeding rate?
a. no-till
b. optimum soil moisture
c. adverse weather
d. increased seed size
optimum soil moisture
Runoff decreases as ________ increases.
surface residue
A pesticide label indicates that it is to be applied at the rate of 8 ounces per acre. Approximately how many acres will one gallon of this pesticide formulation treat?
16
Which of the following factors is usually most important in determining when to plant?
a. Soil pH
b. Soil aeration
c. Soil moisture
d. Seeding rate
Soil moisture
Soil sampling in a non-uniform field should be by the ________ method?
grid
The stable form of organic matter is called __________ .
humus
How many acres can be sprayed with a sprayer that has a 300 gallon stainless steel tank if the application rate is 15 gpa?
20
What is the main environmental factor(s) that influence herbicide breakdown?
a. sunlight
b. microbes
c. water
d. all of these
e. none
all of these
Soil erosion potential is highest in which of the following?
a. clean-till
b. no-till
c. strip-till
d. mulch-till
clean-till
Which of the following can cause eutrophication of surface waters?
a. phosphorus
b. sulfur
c. calcium
d.pesticides
phosphorus
Which of the soil textures listed below has the highest porosity and lowest bulk density?
a. silt loam
b. sandy loam
c. clay
d. loamy sand
clay
You are preparing to spray an area that is 100 feet by 200 feet with an application rate of 3 oz/1000 sq ft. How may total ounces of product is needed?
60
Water needs of a crop typically increase during the season to a maximum, followed by ________
a decline to harvest
How many acres are in a field that is 1/2 mile long and 1/2 mile wide?
160
The Universal Soil Loss Equation, A=RKLSCP uses many factors to calculate soil erosion. What does A stand for in the equation?
predicted soil loss
The Universal Soil Loss Equation, A=RKLSCP uses many factors to calculate soil erosion. What does LS stand for in the equation?
slope length and steepness
The Universal Soil Loss Equation, A=RKLSCP uses many factors to calculate soil erosion. What does C stand for in the equation?
crop management
The Universal Soil Loss Equation, A=RKLSCP uses many factors to calculate soil erosion. What does P stand for in the equation?
support practices
Which of the following Ca sources should not be used as a lime source?
a. gypsum
b. calcitic limestone
c. dolomitic limestone
d. hydrated lime
gypsum
Respiration produces carbon dioxide, water, and
a. oxygen
b. energy
c. glucose
d. carbon dioxide
glucose
What is the minimum test weight per bushel for US number 1 corn?
a. 55 lbs
b. 56 lbs
c. 58 lbs
d. 60 lbs
56 lbs
The crop growth stage where roots, stems, and leaves develop is
germination
A plant that lives 10 years is a?
perennial
Herbicides are usually most effective _____
a. on larger plants
b. on non-target plants
c. on target plants
d. on fast-growing plants
on fast-growing plants
Which of the following accelerates canopy closure?
a. wide rows
b. lower plant population
c. upright plant growth habit
d. narrow rows
narrow rows
A crop should be replaces when stand is lost due to some stress, when
it is economically justified
_________ is growing crops on the same land in an orderly sequence
crop rotation
In many crops, night length is important in triggering _____
flowering
Which of the following pathogens usually survives only in the tissue?
a. fungi
b. virus
c. nematode
d. bacteria
virus
What options do producers have for post emergent ragweed control in non herbicide resistant ragweed and non-GMO beans? (MR1)
a. Scepter
b. Firstrate
c. Glufosinate
d. Dicamba
Firstrate
_____ is (are) an erosion management practice(s) using alternate contoured perennial vegetation strips at least 15’ wide to slow runoff and trap sediment. (ACS 74)
a. Field borders
b. Contour buffer strips
c. Residue management
d. Sediment control basins
Contour buffer strips
Which of the following is the least available source of nutrients? (CCA35)
a. Cation exchange sites
b. Soil solution
c. Organic matter
d. Soil minerals
Soil minerals
Pod feeding __________________ is a corn earworm that makes its way into a soybean field. It bores directly into the pod and eats the bean right out of it (MR2)
a. Green stinkbugs
b. Pod worms
c. Lacewings
d. Bean leaf beetles
Pod worms
Which commonly grown Missouri crop has the highest annual water usage? (ACS 84)
a. Soybeans
b. Corn
c. Grain sorghum
d. Winter wheat
corn
Which of the following is a use or plant tissue analysis for nutrient management? (CCA 12)
a. Can be used to follow concentration and amount of nutrient in a crop during the growing season
b. All of these are true about plant tissue analysis
c. Used only to make recommendations for future crops
d. Cannot be used to fine-tune fertilizer recommendations
Can be used to follow concentration and amount of nutrient in a crop during the growing season
________________ is a procedure where fertilizer is applied on the soil surface close enough to the plant so cultivating or watering will carry the fertilizer to the plants’ roots. (ACS 41)
a. Foliar fertilizing
b. Side dressing
c. Knifing
d. Broadcasting
Side dressing
A(n)________ is a new shoot from the primary stem of a monocot that can grow and reproduce by itself, often found in rice and wheat. (ACS 34)
a. Internode
b. Tiller
c. Sheath
d. Axil
Tiller
_________________ soil water is accessible by plants. (ACS 45)
a. All of these are available
b. Hydroscopic water
c. Hygroscopic water
d. Capillary water
Capillary water
_______________ is the most limiting nutrient for corn production. (ACS 112)
a. Phosphorus
b. Nitrogen
c. Sulfur
d. Potassium
Nitrogen
If you know you have group 2 and group 9 resistant giant ragweed, what options does Bechman recommend? (MR1)
a. Glyphosate
b. Glufosinate for liberty link beans
c. Glufosinate in Xtend beans
d. 2,4-D ester
2,4-D ester
The _____________ in the wheat seed is the source for all flour manufacturing (ACS, 10)
a. Endosperm
b. Shorts
c. Bran
d. Middling
Endosperm
Which of the following is true about soil porosity? (CCA49)
a. All of these are true
b. Porosity includes large pores and small pores
c. Porosity can be increased with compaction
d. Small pores increase soil aeration and water movement
Porosity includes large pores and small pores
When should farmers consider timing an insecticide treatment for stink bugs? (MR2)
a. After seeing black pod decay
b. After seeing defoliated leaves in 10% of field
c. After finding eggs/nymphs on underside of leaves
d. After finding empty spaces in soybean pods
After finding eggs/nymphs on underside of leaves
Which of the following organic soil amendments would cause microorganisms to remove large amounts of inorganic N from the soil during decomposition because of a high C/N ratio of >20? (CCA6)
a. Wheat straw
b. Sawdust
c. Fresh manure
d. Both wheat straw and fresh manure
Both wheat straw and fresh manure
100 pounds of 20-17-13 fertilizer contains 17% of oxidized phosphate (P2O5), which is only 48% phosphorus. How many pounds of actual plant nutrient (phosphorus) is in 100 pounds of this fertilizer?
a. 35.42 lbs
b. 8.16 lbs
c. This answer cannot be calculated
d. 17 lbs
8.16 lbs
Seeds stored ________________ remain viable longer than seeds stored at ambient conditions. (CCA133)
a. all of these increase seed viability
b. under high humidity
c. under refrigeration
d. under high temperature
under refrigeration
Fall application of granular _________ is susceptible to leaching loss under conditions of adequate rainfall. (ACS 62)
a. Nitrogen
b. Phosphorus
c. Potassium
d. Lime
Nitrogen
Which of the following represents a variable cost in crop production? (ACS147)
a. Fertilizer
b. Depreciation
c. All of these are variable costs
d. Taxes
Fertilizer
If the base temperature is 50oF and the average temperature is 84 oF, then _____ is added to the growing degree days. (CCA139)
a. 34
b. 16
c. 84
d. 134
34
At which growth stage does corn have the highest daily water requirement? (ACS134)
a. 6-leaf
b. Pollinating
c. Emergence
d. 12-leaf
Pollinating
Which of the Nitrogen fertilizers contains the highest percent of nutrient content per pound of fertilizer?
a. Urea
b. Anhydrous ammonia
c. Sodium nitrate
d. Ammonium nitrate
Anhydrous ammonia
An individual with 1,000 pounds of seed with a 92% total germination and 95% pure would have how many pounds of pure live-seed of the desired cultivar to plant? (ACS 91)
a. Answer cannot be determined from information given
b. 920 lbs
c. 950 lbs
d. 874 lbs
874 lbs
Cover crop research from Iowa State says a 1% increase in organic matter is worth about ________ in added nutrients per acre (MR3)
a. $1200
b. $1000
c. $650
d. $50
$1200
If a soil test calls for 1300 lbs of ENM per acre and the dealer guarantees 500 lbs ENM per ton, then how many tons of lime per acre would be required to satisfy the lime requirement? (ACS 63)
a. 2.6 tons/acre
b. 0.65 tons/acre
c. 6.5 tons/acre
d. 0.25 tons/acre
2.6 tons/acre
Which micronutrient aids in the formation of chlorophyll? (ACS 41)
a. Cobalt
b. Copper
c. Boron
d. All of these
Copper
Which of the following can decrease soil bulk density? (CCA72)
a. Equipment wheel traffic
b. Incorporating compost
c. Tillage
d. Burning crop residues
Incorporating compost
Fields are fallowed to conserve________________. (CCA148)
a. Water
b. Nutrients
c. Pesticides
d. Energy
Water
Most ________ have the unique ability to take nitrogen from the air between soil particles and change it to a form of nitrogen plants can use. (ACS 79)
a. Brassicas
b. Monocots
c. Legumes
d. Cover crops
Legumes
Which of the following is true about decomposition of organic materials in the soil? (CCA54)
a. Decomposition is faster in cooler climates
b. Decomposition is faster in poorly-drained soils
c. It takes 10 tons/acre of humus to increase soil organic matter by 1%
d. All of these are true
It takes 10 tons/acre of humus to increase soil organic matter by 1%
What would be a common seeding rate for grain sorghum in Missouri for non-irrigated areas with adequate moisture? (ACS 122)
a. 50-75 pounds/acre
b. 15-20 pounds/acre
c. 1-3 pounds/acre
d. 5-7 pounds/acre
5-7 pounds/acre
How do fungi pests survive in the environment? (CCA86)
a. Mycelia, spores in infected plants, debris, soil, insects
b. As a parasite
c. Eggs in the soil, some larvae in seeds or bulbs
d. In living tissues such as insects and nematodes
Mycelia, spores in infected plants, debris, soil, insects
___________ erosion refers to when large channels are formed by running water that will not allow passage of implements (CCA 57)
a. Rill
b. Surface creep
c. Gully
d. Sheet
Gully
Which of the following is true about pest decision making guidelines? (CCA97)
a. The action threshold is higher than the economic injury level
b. When the EIL is >1, then treatment is cost effective
c. The economic injury level formula includes the cost of the pest management alternative
d. All of these are true
The economic injury level formula includes the cost of the pest management alternative
__________ is the stable form of soil organic matter that decomposes very slowly (CCA50)
a. Crop residue
b. Biomass
c. Green manure
d. Humus
Humus
According to Dickey, the number one bean pest in Missouri right now is ____ (MR2)
a. Lacewings
b. Green stinkbugs
c. Pod worms
d. Bean leaf beetles
Green Stinkbugs
In a soil test report, the ___________ is the number of bushels per acre the producer needs to harvest from the field in order to be profitable. (ACS 55)
a. Yield goal
b. Pounds per acre
c. Cropping option
d. Organic matter
Yield goal
The main function of the inflorescence of a monocot plant is ____________ (ACS 33)
a. Translocation
b. Photosynthesis
c. Reproduction
d. Water absorption
Reproduction
What is the probability of crop yield response to added nutrition when the plant nutrient concentration is luxury consumption? (CCA13)
a. Strong probability of increase
b. Yield decrease is probable
c. Low Probability or no yield increase
d. Yield response may increase until near the toxicity level
Low Probability or no yield increase
In a study of nitrogen fertilizer on corn at the University of Illinois, researchers discovered which of the following factors impacts N fertilizer utilization? (MR5)
a. All of these were true
b. Fertilizer form (anhydrous vs. granular) had a major impact on percent N utilization
c. Fertilizer timing (fall vs. spring) had a major impact on percent N utilization
d. Poor soils have better percent N fertilizer utilization than rich, fertile soils
Poor soils have better percent N fertilizer utilization than rich, fertile soils
Phosphorus fertilizer that is _______ is usually more available than broadcast or broadcast and disked applications. (CCA20)
a. Organic
b. Knifed
c. Banded
d. Top dressed
Banded
IPM has a main goal of ______________ pesticide use (CCA119)
a. Increasing
b. Favoring
c. Not changing
d. Decreasing
Decreasing
__________ insecticides are absorbed by a plant and enter the insect’s gut when the insect feeds on the plant (CCA111)
a. Juvenile hormones
b. Contact
c. Foliar
d. Systemic
Systemic
At what stages of growth should fungicide be applied to treat tar spot in corn? (MR4)
a. R3 through R5
b. Fungicide not recommended for tar spot
c. VT through R1
d. VT through R3
VT through R3
When planting legumes for nitrogen fixation in fields where legumes have not been present for a number of years, seeds can be inoculated with _________ to improve symbiotic nitrogen fixation. (CCA7)
a. Decomposed plant tissue
b. Hydrated lime
c. Phosphoric acid
d. Rhizobium Bacteria
Rhizobium Bacteria
What does Jordan Andell, an agronomist with Dekalb/Asgrow, recommend for soybean seeding rates based on the time of planting? (MR6)
a. Increase seeding rates in first two weeks of April
b. Increase seeding rates in late May
c. All of these are recommended
d. Decrease seeding rates in last two weeks of April
All of these are recommended
Which of the following soil nutrients is bound up and mostly unusable at a soil pH of <5.0? (ACS 46)
a. Phosphorus
b. Magnesium
c. Calcium
d. All of these
all of these
