Agriculture test 2 Flashcards
Test 2
Is An act of terrorism targeting some component of
agriculture or food supply
Agricultural Bioterrorism:
Is a Single-celled organisms that multiply by cell division and can cause
disease in plants, animals, or humans. Examples include citrus canker, anthrax,
and the plague
Bacteria
Is a Living organism, biotoxins, and are genetically modified
organisms. An example is anthrax
Biological Agent
Are Efforts to prevent harm from intentional and unintentional
introductions of organisms to human health and infrastructure and the
environment, as well as to the agricultural crop and livestock industries
Biosecurity
An act of terrorism using a biological agent or toxin, such as
anthrax or ricin. The use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living
organisms to cause death or disease in humans, animals, or plants in a civilian setting
Bioterrorism
Commonly called mad cow
disease, is one example of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE):
What does CITES stand for
CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Specie
A highly contagious viral disease of swine that
can cause very serious losses. Clinically, it is indistinguishable from African
swine fever. is present in Europe, Africa, Mexico, Central America, and
South America. It is also present in the Indian subcontinent, China, and East
and Southeast Asia
Classical Swine Fever (CSF)
A rare and fatal disease that affects
humans worldwide. is a deadly brain illness that strikes about one in a
million persons each year, mainly the elderly. Symptoms are mood swings,
numbness, and uncontrolled body movements. Eventually the mind is
destroyed, somewhat like Alzheimer, and death follows. Variant occurs
from consuming meat infected with mad cow disease. The symptoms are the
same as , but the variant occurs in much younger people.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD):
Cultivated plants or agricultural produce, such as grain, vegetables, or
fruit that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence
Crop
A community of organisms interacting with each other and
their environment
Ecosystem
An operation that produces or sells $1,000 or more in agricultural
products each year
Farm
Any nonliving carrier of disease
Fomite
has been called the world’s most
contagious virus. Only a few viral particles carried through manure stuck to
farm boots or equipment can spread the disease. It can be carried airborne for
170 miles in an aerosolized form. The virus can also persist in the soil for more
than a month. The virus attacks a variety of livestock and wildlife, such as
cattle, swine, sheep, deer, and elk. The main concern with this disease is not
mortality, but an overall decline in the health of animals. This affects their
ability to grow, give milk, and breed
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
Any of numerous organisms that lack chlorophyll and vascular
tissue such as mold, mildew, mushroom, and smut
Fungus
The agency in USDA that
ensures the nation’s commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is
safe, wholesome and correctly labeled and packaged
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
The result of modifying the
genetic characteristics of a microorganism, plant, or animal by inserting a
modified gene or a gene from another variety or species. GMOs may be
microorganisms
designed for use as bio-pesticides, or seeds that have been altered
genetically to give a plant better disease-resistance or growth. In the hands
of terrorists, GMOs could be used among other things to damage crops or
yield
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO):
is an infectious disease caused by a bacterial agent. It is
a rapidly fatal illness of horses, donkeys, and mules, with up to 70 percent
mortality. Goats, dogs, and cats can also contract this. can be
transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals
Glanders
An extremely infectious viral
disease of poultry, including chickens, ducks, and turkeys. Migratory wildfowl
and other wild birds are considered natural hosts for avian influenza viruses.
The disease is spread by bird-to-bird contact through feces and aerosol
droplets. These substances can contaminate equipment, vehicles, boots, and
clothing, which may then serve as a source of infection. The virus is
circulation widely among poultry in Asia, and during an outbreak in poultry,
there is a risk to people who have contact with infected birds or surfaces
contaminated by infected bird
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI
generally have six legs (three pairs), and many species have
wings. Most are small and quite mobile, making detection difficult or
impossible
Insects
An alien (exotic) species (plant or animal) whose
introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm
or harm to human health
Invasive species
is a fungal disease of wheat discovered in the
United States in 1996. This disease poses a threat to our wheat-producing
industry, including a $5 billion export market. Typically, only a portion of the
kernel is affected, leaving an eroded or “bunted” area on the kernel and a
mass of black spores that produce an offensive, “fishy” odor. This disease
spreads by spores through the movement of infected wheat seed, plants, or
straw or even through soil carried on agricultural equipment. Spores can live in
the soil five years
Karnal Bunt
Domestic animals, such as cattle or poultry, raised for profit
or subsistence
Livestock
Is one of the most important,
and destructive, agricultural pests. It is known to infest 300-400 types of hosts including citrus, mangoes, bananas, guava, and peaches
Mediterranean Fruit Fly
A living organism too small to be seen with the
naked eye. Includes bacteria, fungi, protozoan, and microscopic algae; also
includes viruses
Microorganism
have eight legs, making them close relatives of spiders. Like
insects, they are small and may easily escape detection. Unlike insects,
however, they cannot fly and must rely on their hosts’ movements. They can
rarely be seen without magnification. They are typically plant feeders, although
some are serious pests of honeybees and
actually live in the windpipes of bees
Mites
Microscopic worm that typically feeds on plant juices
Nematodes
Any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure
or cause damage to crops, livestock, poultry, or other agriculture; irrigation;
navigation; natural resources; public health; or the environment
Noxious weed
A biological agent that poses a severe threat to both animal
health and human health
Overlap agent
Any agent that causes disease
Pathogen
Any unwanted organism of native or foreign origin (plant, animal, or
disease
Pest
also known as sharka, infects stone fruit species
including peaches, apricots, plums, and almonds. Fruit from infected trees may
be deformed or blemished with spots or rings.
Plum pox
Any plant material that can be planted and grown. Examples
include seeds, bulbs, cuttings, live plants, and tissue culture
Propagative
Any of the various hoofed, even-toed mammals that have a
stomach divided into two to four compartments and chew their cud. Examples
include cows, sheep, goats, deer, giraffes, and camels
Ruminant
A preventative action for handling, maintaining, or disposing
of prohibited or restricted products and articles to eliminate the risk of animal
disease and plant pest dissemination
Safeguarding
A poisonous substance that a microorganism, plant, or animal
produces as a byproduct. An example is ricin
Toxin
are a group of
diseases that affect the central nervous system. These diseases are fatal and
are characterized by a spongy degeneration of the brain
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE)
Any organism that carries and transmits plant or animal diseases
from one host to another. Examples include ticks and mosquitoes
Vector
is a mosquito-borne
viral disease of horses, donkeys, and zebras. While not a disease of
livestock, equines may suddenly die or show progressive central nervous
system disorders. Humans also can contract this disease
Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE)
A contagious and fatal viral disease
affecting all species of birds by attacking the respiratory, digestive, and
nervous system
Virulent Newcastle Disease (VND)
A simple submicroscopic infectious agent that often causes disease in
plants and animals. Lacks its own metabolic system and depends upon
the living cells of the host organism to multiply. Types of _____include plum
pox, foot-and-mouth disease, and smallpox
Virus
To make into or use as a weapon or a potential weapon.
Terrorists may weaponize a biological agent by altering the pathogen to
enhance the spread of the agent or increase the strength or life of the agent
Weaponize
Regulates the importation of honeybees and honeybee semen
from all countries
Purpose is to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases
and parasites harmful to honeybee
Honeybee act
Regulates the entry of agricultural or vegetable seeds
* Restricts the entry of agricultural or vegetable seeds to ensure
seed purity
Provides for the sampling of seed shipments to ensure seed
purity
Verifies accuracy of seed labeling
Federal seed act
Regulates the importation of live animals and animal products
Animal Health Protection Act
Regulates the preparation and sale of veterinary biologic products
used in animals such as vaccines, bacterins, antisera, diagnostic
kits, and other products
Virus-Serum Toxin Act
Regulates the import and export of protected plants and animals
Although the act is written to protect both plants and
animals, APHIS only has regulatory authority over
Endangered Species Act
(U.S. Department of Interior)
Regulates international trade to prevent decline of
endangered or threatened species
Countries join the convention and agree to work together to
help stop the illegal trade in Endangered Species
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES)
(U.S. Department of Interior
Helps foreign countries and our individual States enforce
conservation laws
Unlawful to trade in any plant that is taken, possessed,
transported, or sold in violation of the laws for the United
States, a State, Indian Tribe, or any foreign law that protects
plants
Prevents trade in illegally harvested lumber
Prevents trade in wood products made from illegally
harvested lumber
Makes it unlawful to falsify documents, accounts, or records
of any plant covered by the act
Makes it unlawful to import certain plants and plant
products without an import declaration
Importers must present a written declaration to CBP for
review at the port of entry
Lacey Act
Designed to improve the ability of the United States to prevent,
prepare for, and respond to bioterrorism and other public health
emergencies that could threaten public safety or American agriculture
Agriculture Bioterrorism Protection Act
How much economic activity is generated each year by agriculture and
related industries
1 trillion
What percentage of the U.S. population is employed by agriculture and
related industries
14%
What is the number one crop (by cash value) grown in the United States
Corn
Which sector of the U.S. economy generates a net trade surplus (exports
exceed imports
Agriculture
How much economic activity is generated by hunting, fishing, and other
wildlife activities
120 billion
What is the main role CBP plays in keeping our agriculture safe
Exclusion methods that prevent entry of exotic pests and diseases
The agricultural inspections performed at the ports of entry that are
designed to prevent the entry and spread of harmful pests and diseases
into the United States are called
Agriculture Quarantine Inspections
Why was the AQI Program transferred from USDA to DHS
To strengthen border security and protect agriculture from acts
of bioterrorism
Which document specifies the agricultural functions transferred to DHS and
those retained by USDA
Memorandum of Agreement
The APHIS mission is to protect the health and value of
American agriculture and natural resources
Which act helps enforce conservation laws
Lacey Act
Which act transferred agricultural quarantine inspections into the Dept. of
Homeland Security
Homeland Security Act
Which statutory authority enables CBP to regulate Meat
Animal Health Protection Act
Which statutory authority enables CBP to regulate Non-endangered plants
Plant Protection Act
Which statutory authority enables CBP to regulate vaccines used for
sheep
Virus-Serum-Toxin Act
Which statutory authority enables CBP to regulate endangered plants
CITES
Which act makes it illegal to conduct trade in endangered species in
violation of Federal and Indian Tribal laws, treaties, and regulations
Lacey Act
An alien species (plant or animal) whose introduction does or is likely to
cause economic or environmental harm is called a/an
Invasive Species
What is the main reason our agriculture is at risk in the United States
International movement of people, commodities, and
conveyances
Which invasive species is a threat to corn
Witchweed
Which plant disease is a threat to our wheat crop
Karnal Bunt
Which invasive species is a threat to most fruit
Mediterranean fruit fly
What is the world’s worst pest of potato
Golden Nematodes
Exotic animal diseases not known to occur in the United States are called
Foreign Animal Diseases
Which disease is considered the greatest threat to the livestock industry
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)
Which disease is considered the greatest threat to the poultry industry
Virulent Newcastle disease (VND)
A nonliving carrier of a disease is called a
Fomite
Which disease affects both swine and ruminant
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)
Which disease agent is highly resistant to heat
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
Which is used to assess agricultural risk in passenger clearance
Baggage
Which of the following contains data on previous random agricultural
baggage inspections
Agricultural Quarantine Inspection Monitoring (AQIM)
Is collected for duty station criteria through random sampling,
statistical history, blitzes, previously issued civil penalties, CBP computer
systems, and risk based on geographical are
Data
Which traveler is exempt from an agricultural civil penalty
Foreign diplomat traveling with a G-1 visa
Whose role is it to issue civil penalties at the port
The CBP Agriculture Specialist
Which law requires entities that possess, use, or transfer agents or toxins
deemed a threat to animal or plant health register these agents with
APHIS
Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection
Which Agency’s mission is to protect the health and value of
American agriculture and natural resources
APHIS
The treaty that regulates international trade to prevent the decline of
endangered or threatened species is called
CITES
Which act helps foreign countries and our individual states enforce
conservation laws
Lacey Act
Animal health regulations are found under what title
Title 9
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is an example of
Foreign animal disease
Citrus canker is an example of a
Plant disease
Geographically based risk for agricultural baggage is based on the
pests known to occur in certain areas of the world
Who must comply with the Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act
Anyone possessing any select agent or toxin
Select agents and toxins known as “overlap agents” pose a severe
threat to animal health and
Human health
Which document specifies the agricultural functions transferred to DHS
and those retained by USDA
Memorandum of Agreement
Which act transferred agricultural quarantine inspection functions into the
Department of
Homeland Security
Homeland Security Act
Which act/law regulates animals and animal products imported into the
United States
Animal Health Protection Act
Which act/law requires the importer to present a written declaration to
CBP for review at the port of entry
Lacey act
