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Mao's China - A LEVEL HISTORY EDEXCEL > AGRICULTURE & INDUSTRY, 1949-65 > Flashcards

AGRICULTURE & INDUSTRY, 1949-65 Flashcards

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1
Q

In 1949, Mao stood up and told the world that the Chinese would no longer be the…

A

Sick man of Asia

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2
Q

What was Mao’s unorthodox Marxist view on peasants?

A

They’re the vanguards of the revolution

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3
Q

When was Agrarian Reform Law introduced?

A

June 1950

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4
Q

What was the main aim of Agrarian Reform Law?

A

Destroy the gentry-landlord class

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5
Q

What were landlords subject to after land seizure?

A

Struggle meetings

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6
Q

How much households had taken part in Land Reform?

A

88%

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7
Q

How much did total agricultural production increase annually between 1950-52?

A

15%

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8
Q

How many landlords were executed during Land Reform?

A

2 million

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9
Q

When were MAT’s introduced

A

December 1951

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10
Q

What were MAT’s?

A
  • Mutual Aid Teams
  • Consisted of 10 or fewer households.
  • Peasants pool their resources (tools, ploughs, own labour).
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11
Q

How many households belonged to an MAT in 1952?

A

40%

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12
Q

When did the 2nd stage of collectivisation begin?

A

1953

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13
Q

What were APCs?

A
  • Agricultural Producers Co-Operatives.
  • Land reorganised into a single unit and compensated using a point system according to how much they contributed.
  • APC’s were 3-5 MAT’s joint together.
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14
Q

How many households in APC’s by 1955?

A

16.9 million out of 110 million.

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15
Q

What were the disagreements over collectivisation?

A

Gradualists like Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai claim that china was not yet ready for large-scale farming.

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16
Q

How many peasant farmers in APC’s in 1956?

A

96%

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17
Q

When was the Sino-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty signed?

A

February 1950

18
Q

What did Soviet support include?

A
  • Constructution of 156 major industrial enterprises.
  • 11,000 Soviet and Eastern European industrial experts.
  • 28,000 Chinese technicians to study in Russia.
  • $300 million loan
19
Q

What was the 1st FYP’s targets?

A
  • High rate of growth in heavy industry.
  • Investment in advanced technology.
  • Construction of modern industrial plants.
  • Self-sufficiency.
  • High level of grain procurement at fixed prices.
  • Stimulate the transformation towards a socialist society.
20
Q

What were the 1st FYP’s successes?

A
  • Annual growth rate 16%.
  • Industrial output grew to 15.5% a year.
  • Heavy industry output tripled.
  • Industrial WC grew from 6 to 10 million.
  • Standard of living for industrial workers improved.
  • Workers organised into Danwei.
21
Q

What were the 1st FYP’s failures?

A
  • Plan dependant on loans from SU which had high interest rates.
  • Value of agricultural output grew only 2.1% a year.
  • Supply of consumer goods were low.
  • Chinese still lacked organisational and management experience.
  • Little investment in improving healthcare and education.
22
Q

Why did Mao launch the Great Leap Forward?

A
  • Desperate to tranform China into a great economic power.
  • Optimism.
  • ‘Walk on 2 legs’.
23
Q

What were the successes of the 2nd FYP?

A
  • Irrigation terracing helped make agricultural land more fertile.
  • Construction projects changed the face of Chinese cities.
  • Ideologically, communes meant communism.
24
Q

What were the failures of the 2nd FYP?

A
  • Targets were absurd.
  • Overconfident.
  • No intellectuals to offer advice or rational.
  • Encouraged backyard furnaces.
  • Insufficient raw materials.
25
Q

By 1962, industrial production declined by…

A

40%

26
Q

When was the Great Famine?

A

1958-62

27
Q

What caused the Great Famine?

A
  • Fear of being labelled rightist cadres refused to reveal real conditions of the communes.
  • Exaggerated production reports.
28
Q

How many died in Tibet and Henan during the Great Famine?

A

Tibet : 1 million

Henan : 7.8 million

29
Q

How many people died all together during the Great Famine?

A

30 to 50 million.

30
Q

When did Khrushchev recall Soviet and scientific advisers in China?

A

1960

31
Q

When was the Lushan Conference?

A

July 1959

32
Q

What was the Lushan conference?

A
  • Peng voiced doubts about reports of a record grain harvest.
  • Wrote a private letter to Mao.
  • Mao felt betrayed by Peng and accused him of forming a ‘right opportunist clique’.
  • Peng recently had been to the SU.
  • Mao accused him of passing negative reports about the communes to the Soviets and denounced him.
  • Replaced him with Lin Biao.
33
Q

Who took over as policy makers after Mao withdrew from politics?

A

Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping

34
Q

What were some of the reforms Liu and Deng brought forward?

A
  • Communes scaled back so peasants can produce what they want on private plots.
  • Trade on free market.
  • Emergency aid to countryside.
  • Industrial production changed to support agriculture.
  • Role of low-level rural cadres downgraded.
  • Those who possessed technical knowledge or administrative expertise were promoted.
  • Urban cadres sent to countryside to replace Maoist cadres.
  • Prisoners put to work to make utensils to replace ones melted in backyard furnaces.
35
Q

Why were the reforms that Liu and Deng brought about successful?

A
  • Agricultural production same level as 1957.
  • Private plots improved lives.
  • Light industry grew 27% per year, heavy industry 17%.
  • Consumer goods double 1957 level.
36
Q

What was the first commune called?

A

Sputnik Commune

37
Q

How many of the peasant population lived in communes?

A

99%

38
Q

What did the communes organise?

A
  • Industrial and agricultural production.
  • Healthcare & education.
  • Produce own food.
  • Own industrial goods.
39
Q

What did the communes do for women?

A
  • Creches and boarding schools provided.

- Mess halls enabled food.

40
Q

Why was the reality of the communes bad?

A
  • Family meals replaced by canteen.
  • Parents lost influence over raising children.
  • Women had to carry out physical labour.
  • Diets worse, bad quality food.
  • Production did not rise enough.
41
Q

What was the Four Pests campaign?

A
  • 1958.
  • Aimed to get rid of sparrows, rats, fleas and mosquitoes.
  • Make noise by banging drums or pounding pots and pans.
  • Reduced birds who ate caterpillars and these ate the crops.
42
Q

Why was Lysenkoism fraudulent?

A
  • Manipulated research in order to gain political influence in SU.
  • Drop in agricultural production.
  • Cadres lied about production quotas.

Mao's China - A LEVEL HISTORY EDEXCEL (4 decks)

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