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RUSSIA AND ITS RULERS OCR > Agriculture > Flashcards

Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

How long were redemption payments for

A

49 years

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2
Q

What happened in 1891

A

Horrific Famine

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3
Q

What was abolished under Nicolas

A

Mir

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4
Q

How was peasant support won in the civil war

A

Decree on land

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5
Q

what did peasants do so to stop the cheka from stealing it

A

Burnt it

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6
Q

When was New Economic Policy

A

1921

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7
Q

what did New Economic Policy do

A

Reversed requisitioning

Attempts at collectivized agriculture

1921 – 1928, Russian Peasantry farmed their own land for profit

But little large-scale investment, low productivity, and tendency for small-scale agriculture

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8
Q

What was State Capitalism

A

Central control of the economy through the supreme economic council

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9
Q

what was war communism

A

Militarization of Labor
Grain requisitioning

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10
Q

What did Stalin use Grain for

A

Large grain seizure to be used for foreign currency to finance industry and ensure grain supplies

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11
Q

What was Stalin called

A

“The Engineer of Human Souls

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12
Q

What happened to Kulaks

A

denounced by other peasants and deported or killed

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13
Q

What was created in wealthist regions

A

Man-made famine created

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14
Q

more than …. Russians were rural in 1856, in 1964 still ….

A

90% and 40%

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15
Q

factors that inhibited farming prosperity remained the same and they were

A

short growing season

high levels of wet weather

arid conditions in south & east

waste land in the north

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16
Q

What was religion like at the Start of the period

A

early in the period, Russian Orthodox Church and State worked hand in hand, religion = highly important feature of Russian life

17
Q

Why were the church disliked

A

Church also were landowner therefore a class enemy and an enemy to modernisation

18
Q

Who did the Church support in the civil war

A

Church openly supported the Whites in the civil war, so obviously an enemy to bolshevism

19
Q

What happened to the church under Lenin

A

1200 priests executed, church lands nationalised and properties confiscated

20
Q

by 1939 only …. churches left

A

500

21
Q

How many surfs were there

A

51 million people were serfs

22
Q

main principles of the Emancipation Act:

A

freed peasants could become proprietors of land

they were to receive land so they could support their family and pay taxes

the state would compensate the nobility

peasants would pay their former owners redemption dues

23
Q

Effects of Emancipation

A

most peasants left with less land than before

rapid population growth: rural pop rose from 50million in 1860 to 86 million by 1900

Redemption dues (6% over 49 years) unrealistic, and generally set too high

High taxation upon peasants – slowed down industry

Strengthened the role of the Mir

24
Q

How did A3 hold control of the peasants

A

Land Captains

25
Q

Name 3 effects of the Wager on the strong

A
  1. Redemption payments ended in 1905
  2. Peasants could pass property freely to heirs
  3. Imperial Land Decree of Nov. 1906 (which basically stopped land redistribution based on population growth and said peasants could actually have rights to private land) became law in 1910
26
Q

increase in production of …. between late 1890s and 1909-13

A

27%

27
Q

What was the literacy rate in 1920

A

18%

28
Q

1917 November Land Decree: 3 points

A

o Private property in land was abolished
o Land couldn’t be sold or leased
o Peasants farmed the land but didn’t own it – it was the property of the people and the people’s state—as such it was administered “for the people” by the state

29
Q

Decree 21 March 1921

A

o Requisitioning stopped
o Tax in kind was introduced
o Tax would be reduced as production increased = incentive
o Peasants were free to sell the rest of their produce

30
Q

What were Results of NEP

A

o 1922 saw a turning point – progress in production
o Greater efficiency
o Based on insecure foundations

31
Q

When was Collectivisation

A

1928-41

32
Q

Estimate of ……. kulak households deported

A

240,000

33
Q

1929: …… collectivised farms; 1938: …..

A

57,000
242,000

34
Q

Benefits of collectivization

4 points

A

o tractors were supplied to NEP farms
o more electrification
o Food exports were maintained, which was good for industrialisation – however this came at a high cost for the citizens at home
o Grain enjoyed a 9% growth between 1939 and 41

35
Q

drawbacks of Collectivization

A

o Procurement prices were low
o Freedoms were limited
o Deaths were high, peasant unrest, cost of famines, loss of animals and crops in protest: period of human and economic loss
o Planned cultivation often = inefficiency
o Little incentive and phenomenal loss of land and freedom

36
Q

How did Standards of Living do under K

A

standard of living improved

RUSSIA AND ITS RULERS OCR (18 decks)

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