Agriculture Flashcards
How long were redemption payments for
49 years
What happened in 1891
Horrific Famine
What was abolished under Nicolas
Mir
How was peasant support won in the civil war
Decree on land
what did peasants do so to stop the cheka from stealing it
Burnt it
When was New Economic Policy
1921
what did New Economic Policy do
Reversed requisitioning
Attempts at collectivized agriculture
1921 – 1928, Russian Peasantry farmed their own land for profit
But little large-scale investment, low productivity, and tendency for small-scale agriculture
What was State Capitalism
Central control of the economy through the supreme economic council
what was war communism
Militarization of Labor
Grain requisitioning
What did Stalin use Grain for
Large grain seizure to be used for foreign currency to finance industry and ensure grain supplies
What was Stalin called
“The Engineer of Human Souls
What happened to Kulaks
denounced by other peasants and deported or killed
What was created in wealthist regions
Man-made famine created
more than …. Russians were rural in 1856, in 1964 still ….
90% and 40%
factors that inhibited farming prosperity remained the same and they were
short growing season
high levels of wet weather
arid conditions in south & east
waste land in the north
What was religion like at the Start of the period
early in the period, Russian Orthodox Church and State worked hand in hand, religion = highly important feature of Russian life
Why were the church disliked
Church also were landowner therefore a class enemy and an enemy to modernisation
Who did the Church support in the civil war
Church openly supported the Whites in the civil war, so obviously an enemy to bolshevism
What happened to the church under Lenin
1200 priests executed, church lands nationalised and properties confiscated
by 1939 only …. churches left
500
How many surfs were there
51 million people were serfs
main principles of the Emancipation Act:
freed peasants could become proprietors of land
they were to receive land so they could support their family and pay taxes
the state would compensate the nobility
peasants would pay their former owners redemption dues
Effects of Emancipation
most peasants left with less land than before
rapid population growth: rural pop rose from 50million in 1860 to 86 million by 1900
Redemption dues (6% over 49 years) unrealistic, and generally set too high
High taxation upon peasants – slowed down industry
Strengthened the role of the Mir
How did A3 hold control of the peasants
Land Captains
Name 3 effects of the Wager on the strong
- Redemption payments ended in 1905
- Peasants could pass property freely to heirs
- Imperial Land Decree of Nov. 1906 (which basically stopped land redistribution based on population growth and said peasants could actually have rights to private land) became law in 1910
increase in production of …. between late 1890s and 1909-13
27%
What was the literacy rate in 1920
18%
1917 November Land Decree: 3 points
o Private property in land was abolished
o Land couldn’t be sold or leased
o Peasants farmed the land but didn’t own it – it was the property of the people and the people’s state—as such it was administered “for the people” by the state
Decree 21 March 1921
o Requisitioning stopped
o Tax in kind was introduced
o Tax would be reduced as production increased = incentive
o Peasants were free to sell the rest of their produce
What were Results of NEP
o 1922 saw a turning point – progress in production
o Greater efficiency
o Based on insecure foundations
When was Collectivisation
1928-41
Estimate of ……. kulak households deported
240,000
1929: …… collectivised farms; 1938: …..
57,000
242,000
Benefits of collectivization
4 points
o tractors were supplied to NEP farms
o more electrification
o Food exports were maintained, which was good for industrialisation – however this came at a high cost for the citizens at home
o Grain enjoyed a 9% growth between 1939 and 41
drawbacks of Collectivization
o Procurement prices were low
o Freedoms were limited
o Deaths were high, peasant unrest, cost of famines, loss of animals and crops in protest: period of human and economic loss
o Planned cultivation often = inefficiency
o Little incentive and phenomenal loss of land and freedom
How did Standards of Living do under K
standard of living improved
