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Agriculture Flashcards

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1
Q

intensive

A

-large amounts of labor and/or capital
-small plots of land, is scarce + expensive
-located near areas with high pop density

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2
Q

extensive

A

-fewer inputs of labor and/or capital
-large plots of land, is plentiful + costs little
-located far from major pop centers

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3
Q

commercial

A

-large amounts of food grown for sale/profit
-larger plots of land
-often mono-cropped
-found in MDCs, but in LDCs sometimes due to neocolonialism

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4
Q

mono-cropped

A

one specialty crop

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5
Q

subsistence

A

-for consumption/food source, barter/sell extra
-smaller plots of land
-less machinery/more hand tools
-found in LDCs with less tech

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6
Q

shifting cultivation: main world regions

A

-latin america
-sub saharan africa
-southeast asia

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7
Q

shifting cultivation: main climate regions

A

-tropical
-subtropical

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8
Q

shifting cultivation: subsistence or commercial

A

subsistence

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9
Q

shifting cultivation: intensive or extensive

A

intensive

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10
Q

shifting cultivation: description

A

-farmers move field to field
-slash + burn
-when soil loses fertility, they move to different plot and repeat

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11
Q

slash + burn

A

clear and fertilize land by burning vegetation

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12
Q

wet rice: main world regions

A

-china
-southeast asia
-south asia

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13
Q

wet rice: main climate regions

A

-temperate
-subtropical

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14
Q

wet rice: subsistence or commercial

A

subsistence

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15
Q

wet rice: intensive or extensive

A

intensive

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16
Q

wet rice: description

A

-harvest in wet rice patty
-double planting
-harvest, thresh, dry
-hard but good source of food

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17
Q

pastoral nomadism/herding: main world regions

A

-northern africa
-southwest asia
-central asia
-east asia

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18
Q

pastoral nomadism/herding: main climate regions

A

-drylands
-desert

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19
Q

pastoral nomadism/herding: subsistence or commercial

A

subsistence

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20
Q

pastoral nomadism/herding: intensive or extensive

A

extensive

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21
Q

pastoral nomadism/herding: description

A

-nomads move herds to different pastures
-trade meat, milk, hides
-rely on animals for survival, not profit
-live in yurts
-cattle, camels, reindeer, goats, yaks, sheep, horses

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22
Q

plantation: main world regions

A

-latin america
-sub saharan africa
-south asia
-southeast asia

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23
Q

plantation: main climate regions

A

-tropical
-subtropical

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24
Q

plantation: subsistence or commercial

A

commercial

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25
Q

plantation: intensive or extensive

A

intensive

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26
Q

plantation: description

A

-specializes in one crop
-transported for sale on global market
-commodity + specialty crops
-cacao, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts, cotton

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27
Q

mixed crop and livestock: main world regions

A

-midwestern US
-canada
-central europe

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28
Q

mixed crop and livestock: main climate regions

A

temperate

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29
Q

mixed crop and livestock: subsistence or commercial

A

commercial

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30
Q

mixed crop and livestock: intensive or extensive

A

intensive

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31
Q

mixed crop and livestock: description

A

-most money comes from sale of livestock instead of crop outputs
-corn, grain, soybean grown to feed cattle and pigs

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32
Q

dairying: main world regions

A

-northern US
-canada
-europe
-russia
-china
-india
-brazil

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33
Q

dairying: main climate regions

A

temperate

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34
Q

dairying: subsistence or commercial

A

commercial

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35
Q

dairying: intensive or extensive

A

intensive

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36
Q

dairying: description

A

-sell milk to wholesalers who later distribute to retailers
-retailers sell to customers in shops or at home

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37
Q

commercial grain: main world regions

A

-US
-canada
-europe
-russia
-central asia
-china
-south asia

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38
Q

commercial grain: main climate regions

A

temperate

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39
Q

commercial grain: subsistence or commercial

A

commercial

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40
Q

commercial grain: intensive or extensive

A

extensive

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41
Q

commercial grain: description

A

-crops grown mainly for human consumption
-farmers sell to manufacturers of food products
-wheat

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42
Q

ranching: main world regions

A

-western north america
-southeastern south america
-central asia
-australia
-south africa

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43
Q

ranching: main climate regions

A

-drylands
-desert

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44
Q

ranching: subsistence or commercial

A

commercial

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45
Q

ranching: intensive or extensive

A

extensive

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46
Q

ranching: description

A

-commercial grazing of livestock
-then sent to feedlots and then to slaughter
-cattle, goats, sheep

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47
Q

mediterranean: main world regions

A

-southern europe
-northern africa
-pacific coast of US
-chile
-south africa
-southern australia

48
Q

mediterranean: main climate regions

A

temperate

49
Q

mediterranean: subsistence or commercial

A

commercial

50
Q

mediterranean: intensive or extensive

A

intensive

51
Q

mediterranean: description

A

-orchards common
-crops produced for global market
-grapes, olives, dates, figs

52
Q

market gardening/truck farming: main world regions

A

-southeastern US
-california
-southeastern australia

53
Q

market gardening/truck farming: main climate regions

A

temperate

54
Q

market gardening/truck farming: subsistence or commercial

A

commercial

55
Q

market gardening/truck farming: intensive or extensive

A

intensive

56
Q

market gardening/truck farming: description

A

-some of the fruits and veggies are sold fresh to consumers
-most sold to large processors for canning/freezing
-fresh fruits + veggies, lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, tomatoes

57
Q

rural survey methods

A

defining boundaries of land ownership

58
Q

metes and bounds

A

-uses landmarks and physical features to establish boundary lines
-results in irregular shaped plots of land

59
Q

where is metes and bounds used

A

-great britain
-north america

60
Q

long lots

A

-long strips of land that start a river or lake
-gives landowners equal access to resources (soil, water) and transportation

61
Q

where is long lots used

A

-france
-spain
-north america

62
Q

township and range

A

-rectangles and grid system
-each is 6 miles x 6 miles
-keep track of land sales and purchases
-uniform survey method

63
Q

clustered rural settlement pattern

A

-live in groups of homes in close proximity
-farmland + pasture surround the settlement
-share resources and community
-metes and bounds

64
Q

dispersed rural settlement pattern

A

-settlements isolated and dispersed over land area
-individual values and ownership of land
-township and range

65
Q

linear rural settlement pattern

A

-settlement organized along a line
-long lot

66
Q

domestication

A

grow plants and raise animals, making them adapt to human demands

67
Q

agricultural hearth

A

separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals

68
Q

how long ago was fertile crescent hearth

A

10,000 years ago

69
Q

fertile crescent hearth is also called

A

the bread basket

70
Q

fertile crescent hearth crops

A

barley, wheat, lentils, olives, oats, rye

71
Q

fertile crescent hearth animals

A

sheep, goat, cattle, pigs

72
Q

fertile crescent hearth location

A

tigris + euphrates rivers in the mediterranean

73
Q

how long ago was southeast asia hearth

A

10,000 years ago

74
Q

southeast asia hearth crops

A

sugarcane, taro, coconut, mango, bananas, grapefruit, wet rice, tea

75
Q

southeast asia hearth animals

A

pigs

76
Q

how long ago was east asia hearth

A

9,500 years ago

77
Q

east asia hearth crops

A

rice, soybeans, walnuts

78
Q

how long ago was sub-saharan africa hearth

A

7,000 years ago

79
Q

sub-saharan africa hearth crops

A

coffee, cowpeas, millet, african rice, sorghum, yam

80
Q

sub-saharan africa hearth animals

A

pigs, cows

81
Q

how long ago was mesoamerica hearth

A

5,500 years ago

82
Q

mesoamerica hearth crops

A

sweet potatoes, beans, maize, chiles, peppers, cotton, cassava, lima beans, potatoes, tomatoes

83
Q

mesoamerica hearth animals

A

llamas, alpacas

84
Q

silk road

A

4,000 miles of trade routes that connected china with europe

85
Q

columbian exchange

A

exchange of goods and ideas between north america, africa, europe

86
Q

green revolution

A

spread high yield varieties of crops around the world

87
Q

demand for meat

A

increased due to increasing wealth across the globe and diffusion of fast food chains

88
Q

enclosure movement

A

series of laws enacted by british gov that allowed landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers

89
Q

causes of the second agricultural revolution

A

-industrial revolution
-enclosure movement
-

90
Q

when and where did the second agricultural revolution

A

1750, great britain

91
Q

impact of industrial revolution

A

better tech&raquo_space;high yields&raquo_space;surplus of food&raquo_space;pop growth + longer life expectancy

92
Q

characteristics of the second agricultural revolution

A

-crop rotation
-transportation improvements
-new markets

93
Q

urbanization

A

mass migration of people into the cities to work in newly emerging factories

94
Q

characteristics of the green revolution

A

-development of higher yielding, disease resistant, faster growing plants
-hybrids + GMOs
-double cropping
-increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation techniques, machinery in developing countries

95
Q

double cropping

A

growing more than one crop per year

96
Q

positives of the green revolution

A

-increased yield on same amount of land
-self sufficiency in developing countries
-lower food prices&raquo_space; increased access

97
Q

negatives of the green revolution

A

-environmental consequences
-gender inequality
-poor success in africa

98
Q

environmental consequences of the green revolution

A

-fertilizer and pesticide runoff in water
-soil erosion and salinization
-fossil fuel for machines&raquo_space; air, sound, water pollution

99
Q

gender consequences of the green revolution

A

women excluded due to lack of economic and social equality

100
Q

why was there poor success of the green revolution in africa?

A

-harsh and diverse environmental conditions, droughts, soil fertility
-lack of infrastructure and reliable transportation
-african crops not included in GMO research

101
Q

blue revolution/aquaculture

A

cultivation and commercial raising of fish

102
Q

agribusiness

A

large scale system that includes the production, processing, distribution, financial funding, and research agricultural products and equipment

103
Q

commodity chains

A

complex network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers

104
Q

bid-rent theory

A

-value of land is influenced by its relationship to the market
-most desirable and accessible land is closest to market, farmers purchase less so intensive
-least desirable and accessible land is furthest to market, farmers purchase more so extensive

105
Q

assumptions of von thunen model

A

-isotrophic plane
-no barriers to transportation
-farmers using oxcarts

106
Q

market/urban center in von thunen model

A

-assumed there’s a market in an isolated, self-sufficient state without external influences
-assumed commercial agricultural system
-assumed single destination for harvest

107
Q

perishability of dairy farming + market gardening in von thunen model

A

milk and produce spoil easily so must be located near market

108
Q

transportation of dairy farming + market gardening in von thunen model

A

difficult to transport because its perishable

109
Q

perishability of timber in von thunen model

A

not perishable

110
Q

transportation of timber in von thunen model

A

difficult to transport because its heavy

111
Q

perishability of grains + cereal crops in von thunen model

A

less perishable

112
Q

transportation of grains + cereal crops in von thunen model

A

not fragile, bulking, heavy so easier to transport to market

113
Q

perishability of livestock ranching in von thunen model

A

not perishable while alive

114
Q

transportation of livestock ranching in von thunen model

A

low cost cuz animals are walked to market

115
Q

limitations of von thunen model

A

-multiple market centers globally
-food preservation like cans and fridges
-better transportation and infrastructure
-gov policies about land use or to grow a particular crop
-wood no longer major source, forests no longer near communities
-non isotrophic plane

116
Q

soil salinization

A

salts build up in soil when water evaporates from the ground faster than it is replenished

117
Q

food desert

A

people don’t have access to fresh food

ap human geography (1 decks)

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