Agriculture Flashcards
intensive
-large amounts of labor and/or capital
-small plots of land, is scarce + expensive
-located near areas with high pop density
extensive
-fewer inputs of labor and/or capital
-large plots of land, is plentiful + costs little
-located far from major pop centers
commercial
-large amounts of food grown for sale/profit
-larger plots of land
-often mono-cropped
-found in MDCs, but in LDCs sometimes due to neocolonialism
mono-cropped
one specialty crop
subsistence
-for consumption/food source, barter/sell extra
-smaller plots of land
-less machinery/more hand tools
-found in LDCs with less tech
shifting cultivation: main world regions
-latin america
-sub saharan africa
-southeast asia
shifting cultivation: main climate regions
-tropical
-subtropical
shifting cultivation: subsistence or commercial
subsistence
shifting cultivation: intensive or extensive
intensive
shifting cultivation: description
-farmers move field to field
-slash + burn
-when soil loses fertility, they move to different plot and repeat
slash + burn
clear and fertilize land by burning vegetation
wet rice: main world regions
-china
-southeast asia
-south asia
wet rice: main climate regions
-temperate
-subtropical
wet rice: subsistence or commercial
subsistence
wet rice: intensive or extensive
intensive
wet rice: description
-harvest in wet rice patty
-double planting
-harvest, thresh, dry
-hard but good source of food
pastoral nomadism/herding: main world regions
-northern africa
-southwest asia
-central asia
-east asia
pastoral nomadism/herding: main climate regions
-drylands
-desert
pastoral nomadism/herding: subsistence or commercial
subsistence
pastoral nomadism/herding: intensive or extensive
extensive
pastoral nomadism/herding: description
-nomads move herds to different pastures
-trade meat, milk, hides
-rely on animals for survival, not profit
-live in yurts
-cattle, camels, reindeer, goats, yaks, sheep, horses
plantation: main world regions
-latin america
-sub saharan africa
-south asia
-southeast asia
plantation: main climate regions
-tropical
-subtropical
plantation: subsistence or commercial
commercial
plantation: intensive or extensive
intensive
plantation: description
-specializes in one crop
-transported for sale on global market
-commodity + specialty crops
-cacao, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts, cotton
mixed crop and livestock: main world regions
-midwestern US
-canada
-central europe
mixed crop and livestock: main climate regions
temperate
mixed crop and livestock: subsistence or commercial
commercial
mixed crop and livestock: intensive or extensive
intensive
mixed crop and livestock: description
-most money comes from sale of livestock instead of crop outputs
-corn, grain, soybean grown to feed cattle and pigs
dairying: main world regions
-northern US
-canada
-europe
-russia
-china
-india
-brazil
dairying: main climate regions
temperate
dairying: subsistence or commercial
commercial
dairying: intensive or extensive
intensive
dairying: description
-sell milk to wholesalers who later distribute to retailers
-retailers sell to customers in shops or at home
commercial grain: main world regions
-US
-canada
-europe
-russia
-central asia
-china
-south asia
commercial grain: main climate regions
temperate
commercial grain: subsistence or commercial
commercial
commercial grain: intensive or extensive
extensive
commercial grain: description
-crops grown mainly for human consumption
-farmers sell to manufacturers of food products
-wheat
ranching: main world regions
-western north america
-southeastern south america
-central asia
-australia
-south africa
ranching: main climate regions
-drylands
-desert
ranching: subsistence or commercial
commercial
ranching: intensive or extensive
extensive
ranching: description
-commercial grazing of livestock
-then sent to feedlots and then to slaughter
-cattle, goats, sheep
mediterranean: main world regions
-southern europe
-northern africa
-pacific coast of US
-chile
-south africa
-southern australia
mediterranean: main climate regions
temperate
mediterranean: subsistence or commercial
commercial
mediterranean: intensive or extensive
intensive
mediterranean: description
-orchards common
-crops produced for global market
-grapes, olives, dates, figs
market gardening/truck farming: main world regions
-southeastern US
-california
-southeastern australia
market gardening/truck farming: main climate regions
temperate
market gardening/truck farming: subsistence or commercial
commercial
market gardening/truck farming: intensive or extensive
intensive
market gardening/truck farming: description
-some of the fruits and veggies are sold fresh to consumers
-most sold to large processors for canning/freezing
-fresh fruits + veggies, lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, tomatoes
rural survey methods
defining boundaries of land ownership
metes and bounds
-uses landmarks and physical features to establish boundary lines
-results in irregular shaped plots of land
where is metes and bounds used
-great britain
-north america
long lots
-long strips of land that start a river or lake
-gives landowners equal access to resources (soil, water) and transportation
where is long lots used
-france
-spain
-north america
township and range
-rectangles and grid system
-each is 6 miles x 6 miles
-keep track of land sales and purchases
-uniform survey method
clustered rural settlement pattern
-live in groups of homes in close proximity
-farmland + pasture surround the settlement
-share resources and community
-metes and bounds
dispersed rural settlement pattern
-settlements isolated and dispersed over land area
-individual values and ownership of land
-township and range
linear rural settlement pattern
-settlement organized along a line
-long lot
domestication
grow plants and raise animals, making them adapt to human demands
agricultural hearth
separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals
how long ago was fertile crescent hearth
10,000 years ago
fertile crescent hearth is also called
the bread basket
fertile crescent hearth crops
barley, wheat, lentils, olives, oats, rye
fertile crescent hearth animals
sheep, goat, cattle, pigs
fertile crescent hearth location
tigris + euphrates rivers in the mediterranean
how long ago was southeast asia hearth
10,000 years ago
southeast asia hearth crops
sugarcane, taro, coconut, mango, bananas, grapefruit, wet rice, tea
southeast asia hearth animals
pigs
how long ago was east asia hearth
9,500 years ago
east asia hearth crops
rice, soybeans, walnuts
how long ago was sub-saharan africa hearth
7,000 years ago
sub-saharan africa hearth crops
coffee, cowpeas, millet, african rice, sorghum, yam
sub-saharan africa hearth animals
pigs, cows
how long ago was mesoamerica hearth
5,500 years ago
mesoamerica hearth crops
sweet potatoes, beans, maize, chiles, peppers, cotton, cassava, lima beans, potatoes, tomatoes
mesoamerica hearth animals
llamas, alpacas
silk road
4,000 miles of trade routes that connected china with europe
columbian exchange
exchange of goods and ideas between north america, africa, europe
green revolution
spread high yield varieties of crops around the world
demand for meat
increased due to increasing wealth across the globe and diffusion of fast food chains
enclosure movement
series of laws enacted by british gov that allowed landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers
causes of the second agricultural revolution
-industrial revolution
-enclosure movement
-
when and where did the second agricultural revolution
1750, great britain
impact of industrial revolution
better tech»_space;high yields»_space;surplus of food»_space;pop growth + longer life expectancy
characteristics of the second agricultural revolution
-crop rotation
-transportation improvements
-new markets
urbanization
mass migration of people into the cities to work in newly emerging factories
characteristics of the green revolution
-development of higher yielding, disease resistant, faster growing plants
-hybrids + GMOs
-double cropping
-increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation techniques, machinery in developing countries
double cropping
growing more than one crop per year
positives of the green revolution
-increased yield on same amount of land
-self sufficiency in developing countries
-lower food prices»_space; increased access
negatives of the green revolution
-environmental consequences
-gender inequality
-poor success in africa
environmental consequences of the green revolution
-fertilizer and pesticide runoff in water
-soil erosion and salinization
-fossil fuel for machines»_space; air, sound, water pollution
gender consequences of the green revolution
women excluded due to lack of economic and social equality
why was there poor success of the green revolution in africa?
-harsh and diverse environmental conditions, droughts, soil fertility
-lack of infrastructure and reliable transportation
-african crops not included in GMO research
blue revolution/aquaculture
cultivation and commercial raising of fish
agribusiness
large scale system that includes the production, processing, distribution, financial funding, and research agricultural products and equipment
commodity chains
complex network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers
bid-rent theory
-value of land is influenced by its relationship to the market
-most desirable and accessible land is closest to market, farmers purchase less so intensive
-least desirable and accessible land is furthest to market, farmers purchase more so extensive
assumptions of von thunen model
-isotrophic plane
-no barriers to transportation
-farmers using oxcarts
market/urban center in von thunen model
-assumed there’s a market in an isolated, self-sufficient state without external influences
-assumed commercial agricultural system
-assumed single destination for harvest
perishability of dairy farming + market gardening in von thunen model
milk and produce spoil easily so must be located near market
transportation of dairy farming + market gardening in von thunen model
difficult to transport because its perishable
perishability of timber in von thunen model
not perishable
transportation of timber in von thunen model
difficult to transport because its heavy
perishability of grains + cereal crops in von thunen model
less perishable
transportation of grains + cereal crops in von thunen model
not fragile, bulking, heavy so easier to transport to market
perishability of livestock ranching in von thunen model
not perishable while alive
transportation of livestock ranching in von thunen model
low cost cuz animals are walked to market
limitations of von thunen model
-multiple market centers globally
-food preservation like cans and fridges
-better transportation and infrastructure
-gov policies about land use or to grow a particular crop
-wood no longer major source, forests no longer near communities
-non isotrophic plane
soil salinization
salts build up in soil when water evaporates from the ground faster than it is replenished
food desert
people don’t have access to fresh food
