Agriculture Flashcards
What is Auxin used for
germinating seeds, developing flowers and fruits. such as seedless fruit for tomatos
What hormone causing stem elongation and what is it used for
Giberellins are used for stem elongation such as for sugar cane
What is the purpose of ethylene
To ripen fruit. it is open used as a spray
what is an example of how cytokinins are used
They are used as post harvest dips or sprays to prolong the storage life of the produce. it is used for this as it promotes cell and root growth.
What is abscisic acid used for
reduces the division of cells, can be used for making plants drought proof. as it cuases the stomata to closes
What are the three stages of the development of a dicot
there is the emergence stage, the seed germinates from the soil and 2 leaves can be seen emerging.
Vegetable, the plant grows to its full size.
Reproductive, at this stage the plant flowers via insect pollination
What are the advantages of selective breeding
Crops have improved qualities and can increase the yield with lower inputs.
What is a disadvantage of selective breeding
It can take over 100s of trials to achieve the desired results. Very time consuming
What are the advantages to hybridization.
increased hybrid vigor and resistance to pests and diseases. Greater uniformitiy.
Disadvantages to hybridization,
The seeds are protected, meaning that you have to purchase new seeds everyyear and they are expensive.
What are proteins used for
they are composed of amino acids which are broken down into carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. they are used to build or repair muscles.
What is an optimal roughage to grain ratio
80:20 as grain is a very nutrient source of food however it can cause bloat.
What is an example of hybridisation
Salt tolerant wheat was developed from an accident persian type combined with the modern Australian Variety
What are factors affecting growth after Birth
Size at birth, the sex of the animal, genotype/breed, environment( Nutrition, Climate, disease and stress)
order of development within the body(tissue competing for nutrients)
Brain and nervous system
Bone
Muscle
fat
What type of energy is coverted to fat
Production energy.
name 3 management techniques that can improve the FCR
Feed additives, via adding supplements that increase the food consumption rate such as antibiotics
Hormone growth promontants, secreting hormones to icnrease growth, they are banned in EU and coles. there is also cross breeding and selective breeding. there is ethical issues with all of the above.
What is unique about the rumen
The microbes in the Rumen break down cellulose into volatile fatty acids. it can also synthesis vitamins K and B
What type of feed digest quicker in a ruminant animal
More simple feeds such as grain digest quicker in ruminant animals in comparison to long fiber nutrients such as grass( as the microbes have to break down the cell walls)
list the process of Ruminant animals digesting carbs
microbes break carbs into simple sugars
they are metabolized by the microbes
VFA are released and used for energy (microbes are the VFA)
They are killed in the abomasum( true stomach)
Methane and carbon dioxide are released as a waste product
What is the purpose of implementing genetically modified plants,
The purpose of using GMP such as BT cotton, is that farmers don’t have to use as many pesticides, they only have to spray 2-3 times a year. BT is Bacillus thuringiensis which is toxic to boll worms
the disadvantage of using Embryo Transfer
It is a very costly method of improving the genetic variety and superiority. It requires the syncing up of esutrus cycle, use of hormones. which all requires technicians.
What are some reasons to implament new technologies
In australia new technology’s are developed as the wages are so high and farmers cant afford workers which leads to innovation. But also for sustainability, to adapt to climate changes and increasing production
What are some problems faced by family farms
low level of capital, which limits the ability to purchase new equipment without a loan. Harder to compete with commercial farms due to economies of scale
Pro’s and Con’s of running a cooperative
Pooled resources, save money on the processing and marketing of the commodity, compete with larger commercial companies. Tehy can be hard to organise and farmers loose their independance
What is an example of a piece of legislation regarding honey production
food act 2003, states that honey must have less then 60% reducing sugars and a moisture content of less then 21%. This influences production…
An example of how to ensure that farmers comply with the legislation
By ensuring that the honey has been capped before it leaves the supers. this will also save costs as if it has too high of a moisture content, it will need to dried out using a de humidified which can be costly on a commerical scale.
What are the advantages and disadvantages to a particlar managment stratergy
Supplementary feed, when pollen is low it can be esnured the bees will have the feed to maintain a high level of production. Can be used to trick the bees that it is summer already so the queen will produce more eggs for the summer. However it is quite expensive
What methods can change the Ph of the soil
to reduce the acidity, adding lime carbonate
to prevent acidifaction, limit nitrogen based fertilisers
to increase the acidity, add fertilisers as they are acidic.
What methods can be used to test the fertility of the soil
the PH, Ion exchange capacity and the soil carbon amount
What is the importance of Carbon matter in the soil,
Carbon is used to maintain and support plant production. It also improves the water holding capacity of soil, mircobial activity which is important to break down nutrients that plants can absorb. water infiltration.
