Agricultural Structures

Question 1

deals with the relation between the externally applied loads and their internal effects on bodies assumed not ideally rigid.

Answer 1

Strength of Materials

Question 2

often refers to various methods of calculating stresses in structural members, such as beams, columns and shaft

Answer 2

Strength of Materials

Question 3

unit strength of a material; internal resistance to the action of external forces; force per unit area.

Answer 3

Stress

Question 4

the stress state when the material tends to contract/compact.

Answer 4

Compressive stress

Question 5

a loading that tends to produce stretching of a material by the application of axially directed pulling forces

Answer 5

Tensile stress

Question 6

happens when a force is applied to produce a sliding failure of a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the applied force.

Answer 6

Shear stress

Question 7

the change in geometry when stress is applied (in the form of force loading, gravitational field, acceleration, thermal expansion, etc.). _______ is expressed by the displacement field of the material.

Answer 7

Deformation

Question 7

the greatest unit stress a material can withstand without rupture.

Answer 7

Ultimate Stress

Question 7

compressive stress exerted on an external surface of a body by another body

Answer 7

Bearing stress

Question 8

the lowest stress that gives permanent deformation in a material.

Answer 8

Yield strength

Question 9

measure of the ability of the material to absorb and release energy in the plastic range.

Answer 9

Toughness

Question 9

a limit state of tensile stress that leads to tensile failure in the manner of ductile failure (yield as the first stage of failure, some hardening in the second stage and break after a possible “neck” formation)

Answer 9

Tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength

Question 9

mathematical term to express the trend of the deformation change among the material field.

Answer 9

strain

Question 9

limit state of compressive stress that leads to compressive failure in the manner of ductile failure (infinite theoretical yield) or in the manner of brittle failure (rupture as the result of crack propagation, or sliding along a weak plane

Answer 9

Compressive strength

Question 9

Often measured with the Izod impact strength test or Charpy impact test, both of which measure the impact energy required to fracture a sample.

Answer 9

Impact strength

Question 10

the capability of the material in withstanding the suddenly applied loads in terms of energy.

Answer 10

Impact strength

Question 10

term to describe the magnitude to which a structural element bends under a load.

Answer 10

deflection

Question 10

a measure of the strength of a material or a component under cyclic loading, and is usually more difficult to assess than the static strength measures

Answer 10

Fatigue strength

Question 10

the relation between applied stress and the resulting strain is directly proportional (up to a certain limit), and a graph representing those two quantities is
a straight line.

Answer 10

straight line

Question 11

ratio of ultimate strength to allowable strength

Answer 11

Factor of safety

Question 12

the ability of a material to return to its previous shape after stress is released

Answer 12

Elasticity

Question 12

displacements of a specimen (for example a bar element) it is expressed as the quotient of the displacement and the length of the specimen

Answer 12

uniaxial loading

Question 12

indicates the ability of the material to deform in the plastic range without breaking.

Answer 12

Ductility

Question 13

also known as “Young’s Modulus” which is the slope of the line in a stress-strain graph.

Answer 13

Modulus of Elasticity

Question 13

states that within the range of elastic behavior, the stress is proportional to strain.

Answer 13

Hooke’s Law

Question 13

ability of a material to absorb energy in the elastic range. Stiffness – resistance of a material to deformation in the elastic range.

Answer 13

Resilience

Question 14

the opposite of elastic deformation and is accepted as unrecoverable strain. ______ is retained even after the relaxation of the applied stress.

Answer 14

Plasticity/ Plastic deformation

Question 14

modulus of elasticity in shear.

Answer 14

Modulus of Rigidity

Question 14

the point where the stress is exactly proportional to strain ends in the stress-strain graph.

Answer 14

Proportional limit

Question 15

the point after which any continued stress results in permanent, or inelastic, deformation in a stress strain graph.

Answer 15

Elastic limit

Question 16

the point when the stress resistence of the material decreases after the peak of the curve in the stress-strain graph.

Answer 16

Yield point

Question 17

state that any axial deformation is always accompanied by a lateral contraction

Answer 17

Poisson’s Ratio

Question 18

stress caused by elongation/contraction in the material as a result of temperature changes.

Answer 18

Thermal stress

Question 19

the twisting of an object due to an applied torque.

Answer 19

Torsion

Question 20

stresses caused by bending moments

Answer 20

Flexural stresses

Question 21

forces that causes twisting motion.

Answer 21

torque

Question 22

a member usually bent by transverse forces acting perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the member.

Answer 22

Beam

Question 23

supported at both ends usually with a pin and roller support

Answer 23

Simple beam

Question 24

fixed at one end and free at the other end.

Answer 24

Cantilever beam

Question 25

beam that extend beyond the support

Answer 25

Overhanging beam

Question 26

beam that rest on more than two support and is treated as statically indeterminate.

Answer 26

Continuous beam

Question 27

point of a body where the force (example – weight) acts.

Answer 27

Center of gravity / Centroid

Question 28

type of load applied at a point in a beam (example – wheel load).

Answer 28

Concentrated load

Question 29

load applied at a considerable length of beam (example – weight of concrete slab).

Answer 29

Uniformly distributed load

Question 30

the greatest pitch in a series of rows of rivets.

Answer 30

Long Pitch

Question 31

a load applied at a considerable length of beam or section which either increase or decrease in intensity
(example– water load on dam face)

Answer 31

Uniformly varying load

Question 31

natural features of the topography should be used to shelter the farmstead from heavier winds. If such protection is not available, trees or shrubs should be planted.

Answer 31

Windbreaks

Question 32

in riveted connection is the distance center to center of two rivets.

Answer 32

Pitch

Question 32

as the distance between buildings is increased, the travel required in the performance of the chores is increased and the amount of cropland used for the farmstead becomes greater

Answer 32

Distance Between Buildings

Question 33

smallest pitch in a series of rows of rivets

Answer 33

Short pitch

Question 33

includes a group of rivets whose pattern recurs along the length of the joint.

Answer 33

Repeating section

Question 33

includes silos and its components, farm roads and bridges, farm machinery sheds, farm houses, farm products storage and warehouses, buildings and structures

Answer 33

Agricultural Structure/Farm Structure

Question 34

an area where farmhouses are located and considered as the center of farm enterprise

Answer 34

Farmstead

Question 34

1. Located near the center of the farm or middle of the long side near the road or highway.
2. The site should have favorable elevation with good drainage.
3. Near to an electric power line.
4. Near the mail delivery route and water supply.

Answer 34

Features of Ideal Farmstead:

Question 34

Distance between buildings should not be too far yet not near enough to allow some area between buildings as a means of reducing fire hazard. A distance of_______ is usually adequate.

Answer 34

75 ft or 29 m

Question 35

it should have access to a public highway without the expense of maintaining an extensive private roadway

Answer 35

Location

Question 35

the soil should be sufficiently well drained to provide suitable foundation for the construction.

Answer 35

Site Drainage

Question 35

Factors Needed to Consider in Designing Farm Structure:

Answer 35

1. Location
2. Site Drainage
3. Distance Between Buildings
4. Windbreaks

Question 35

insertion of a rod or coiled wire through the hole in the skull of cattle made by the captive blot to destroy the brain and spinal cord to prevent reflex muscular action and possible injury to operatives

Answer 35

pithing

Question 35

compartment which is suitable for confining only one animal at a time while it is being stunned and which is so constructed as to confine, without discomfort, to prevent any substantial movement of the animal forward, backward or sideway

Answer 35

stunning pen

Question 36

renders an animal insensible before it is killed

Answer 36

stunning

Question 36

preparation of carcass after evisceration, ready for storage or sale

Answer 36

dressing

Question 36

severance of the major blood vessels in the neck or immediately anterior to the heart by means of a knife and
“stuck” shall be constructed accordingly.

Answer 36

sticking

Question 36

cleaning the carcass by burning the hair

Answer 36

singeing

Question 36

remove as much blood from the carcass as possible before further handling

Answer 36

bleeding

Question 36

lowering of animal into steam to prepare skin for dehairing

Answer 36

scalding

Question 36

removal of the hair of the carcass

Answer 36

dehairing

Question 37

suspending the carcass for particular operation

Answer 37

gambrelling

Question 37

process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities

Answer 37

evisceration

Question 38

dividing carcass into parts

Answer 38

splitting

Question 39

all parts including viscera of slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats or swine that may be used for human consumption

Answer 39

carcass

Question 40

edible part of the muscle of cattle, sheep, goats or swine

Answer 40

meat

Question 41

part of internal organs of a slaughtered animal

Answer 41

offal

Question 42

digestive tract of ruminants such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal matter

Answer 42

green offal

Question 43

digestive tract of swine such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal matter

Answer 43

black offal

Question 44

meat requiring further examination as declared by a veterinary inspector after veterinary examination

Answer 44

detained meat

Question 44

meat which is unfit for human consumption as declared by a veterinary inspector after veterinary examination

Answer 44

condemned meat

Question 45

black or green offal

Answer 45

gut and tripe

Question 46

any premise or yard used for the confinement of animals awaiting to be slaughtered which include unloading ramp, pens and detention pens

Answer 46

lairage

Question 47

building used for storing paddy or rice and other grains in bags

Answer 47

warehouse

Question 48

refers to cattle and carabao

Answer 48

large animals

Question 48

refers to sheep, goat, and deer

Answer 48

small animals

Question 48

animals are free to move in a pen while awaiting to be slaughtered

Answer 48

loose type

Question 49

separate compartment in the lairage used to confine sick or suspected animals

Answer 49

detention pen

Question 49

pugnacious animals are tied within the pen while awaiting to be slaughtered

Answer 49

tie-up type

Question 49

building or place used for killing of animals where the flesh is intended for human consumption

Answer 49

slaughterhouse

Question 50

process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes

Answer 50

fumigation

Question 50

female between two to three years of age which has not given birth

Answer 50

heifer

Question 50

_____ storing of paddy or corn kernels in bags usually made of jute (gunny) or polyethylene and normally accommodates ______ kilos

Answer 50

bag storage, 44-45

Question 50

paddy; rough rice; un-hulled grain or Oryza sativa L., that is grain with the hull/husk enclosing the grain

Answer 50

palay

Question 51

pallet; “tarima”; wooden frames used on concrete floors for stacking bags to prevent direct contact between the grains and the floor

Answer 51

dunnage

Question 51

amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total weight of the sample, wet basis

Answer 51

moisture content

Question 51

moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates (generally between 0.07-0.28 cubic meter per minute per
ton) for purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve it quality

Answer 51

aeration

Question 51

mature male goat

Answer 51

buck

Question 52

doe without milk

Answer 52

dry doe

Question 52

mature female goat that has kidded

Answer 52

doe

Question 52

area with its physical facilities used for cattle fattening

Answer 52

feedlot

Question 52

breeding male of any age

Answer 52

bull

Question 53

young goat under six months old of either sex

Answer 53

kid

Question 53

mature female sheep that has already lambed

Answer 53

ewe

Question 53

sheep under six months of age

Answer 53

lamb

Question 54

mature male sheep

Answer 54

ram

Question 55

young male or female under one year of age

Answer 55

calf

Question 55

mature female that has already calved

Answer 55

cow

Question 56

enclosure for confining and handling livestock

Answer 56

corral

Question 57

pen for confining animals from the pasture

Answer 57

holding pen

Question 58

pen used to funnel cattle into the working chute

Answer 58

crowding pen

Question 59

chute leading the cattle from the crowding pen to the holding chute/squeeze

Answer 59

working chute

Question 60

area with its physical facilities used for carabao fattening

Answer 60

feedlot

Question 60

squeeze; use to restrain animals

Answer 60

holding chute

Question 61

chute used to load cattle from working chute or crowding pen to a vehicle

Answer 61

loading chute

Question 62

plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and sludge consisting of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/ sludge tank

Answer 62

biogas plant

Question 62

one to two-year-old cattle of either six

Answer 62

yearling

Question 62

animals are free to move between resting, feeding and watering areas

Answer 62

loose housing

Question 63

mature female that has already calved

Answer 63

caracow

Question 63

act of giving birth

Answer 63

parturition

Question 63

biogas plant where the digester and gas chamber from one unit

Answer 63

integrated plant

Question 64

female carabao below two years of age which has not yet calved

Answer 64

caraheifer

Question 64

mixture of gas (composed of 50 to 70 percent methane and 30 to 40 carbon dioxide) produced by methanogenic bacteria

Answer 64

biogas

Question 65

layer of compacted soil and gravel to support the digester wall

Answer 65

backfill

Question 65

digester and gas chamber form separate units

Answer 65

split-type plant

Question 65

plant with series of digester

Answer 65

multi-digester plant

Question 66

plant consisting of digester and a moving, floating gasholder that either float directly in the fermenting slurry or in a separate water jacket

Answer 66

floating type

Question 66

serves as conveyor of the manure-water mixture or slurry from the mixing tank to the digester

Answer 66

inlet pipe

Question 66

closed digester with an immovable, rigid gas chamber and a displacement pit

Answer 66

fixed type

Question 67

plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester and gasholder

Answer 67

balloon type

Question 67

holding tank; chamber where manure and water are collected, stored and separated from heavy and non biodegradable materials before feeding them into the digester.

Answer 67

collecting tank

Question 67

mixture of manure and water

Answer 67

slurry

Question 68

digestion; various processes that take place among the methanogens, non-methanogens and substrates fed into the digester as inputs

Answer 68

methanization

Question 68

anaerobic bacteria that act upon organic materials and in the process, produce biogas

Answer 68

methanogens

Question 68

space inside or outside the digester for the collection and storage of biogas

Answer 68

gas chamber

Question 69

biodigester; bioreactor; anaerobic reactor; any water and air-tight container designed for the process of anaerobic microbiological degradation of organic matter into which the slurry is introduced for digestion and methanization

Answer 69

digester

Question 69

mixer; agitator; mechanical device inside the digester used to stir the slurry

Answer 69

stirrer

Question 69

residue that comes out at the outlet after the substrate is digested/processed inside the digester

Answer 69

effluent

Question 69

serves as conveyor where the effluent or the slurry is forced out

Answer 69

outlet pipe

Question 69

settled portion or precipitate of the slurry; a mud-like, semi-solid mass

Answer 69

sludge

Question 70

amount of slurry fed per unit volume of digester capacity per day

Answer 70

loading rate

Question 70

amount of biogas produced per day per cubic meter of slurry

Answer 70

gas production rate

Question 70

average period that a given quantity of slurry is retained in the digester for digestion

Answer 70

retention time

Question 70

temperature range of 20°C – 40°C where mesophilic bacteria operates

Answer 70

mesophilic temperature rage

Question 71

difference in height between the digester wall and the filling line

Answer 71

freeboard

Question 71

organic material used to produce biogas

Answer 71

substrate

Question 71

layer of floating material (mainly fibrous) on the slurry

Answer 71

scum

Question 71

level of slurry when the digesters is at full load

Answer 71

filling line

Question 71

cantilever beam that holds the gasholder/movable cover in position at the desired biogas pressure

Answer 71

gasholder retainer

Question 72

structure that provide a reliable enclosure within which an environment favorable to plant growth can be attained

Answer 72

greenhouse

Question 73

gutter connected; method of greenhouse construction where modular roof units are connected at the eave by a common gutter

Answer 73

ridge and furrow greenhouse

Question 74

addition of heat to the interior of the greenhouse from any energy source including the sun

Answer 74

heating

Question 74

ventilation of greenhouse using fans

Answer 74

mechanical ventilation

Question 75

removal of heat from the interior of the greenhouse

Answer 75

cooling

Question 75

prevents excess solar radiation in the greenhouse

Answer 75

shading

Question 75

process of exchanging air inside the greenhouse with outside air to control temperature, humidity, oxygen or carbon dioxide levels

Answer 75

ventilation

Question 76

ventilation of greenhouse which occurs through controlled openings due to natural pressure variations inside and outside the greenhouse

Answer 76

natural ventilation

Question 76

(classes of concrete mixture) members not reinforced for bending stress

Answer 76

Class B

Question 76

(classes of concrete mixture) for footing not under water

Answer 76

class c

Question 76

mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and other inert materials, and water

Answer 76

concrete

Question 76

(classes of concrete mixture) for beams, slabs columns, all members subjected to bending

Answer 76

class a

Question 77

powder that when mixed with water can be a good binder for sand or gravel into a hard-solid mass.

Answer 77

cement

Question 77

mixture of cement, sand, and water used for laying bricks or masonry; It is too weak to be used as materials for building.

Answer 77

Mortar

Question 77

crushed stone, crushed gravel or gravel with diameter above 5 mm.

Answer 77

Coarse aggregate

Question 77

in the form of crushed stone, sand, crushed gravel with 5-mm diameter and below.

Answer 77

Fine aggregates

Question 77

should be clean and free from injurious amount of oil, acids, alkali, organic materials, or other deleterious substances.

Answer 77

Mixing Water

Question 77

a materials held together by the paste formed of cement and water

Answer 77

Aggregates

Question 77

concrete with high silica content and used for heat insulator for furnaces and other heat generating device.

Answer 77

Refractory Cement

Question 77

term for walls, pillars, arches, and other structures by laying bricks, stone blocks, and other stone like materials such as hallow blocks.

Answer 77

Masonry

Question 77

Classifications of Masonry Materials;

Answer 77

blocks, bricks, and tiles

Question 77

ordinary brick used for walls and piers, backup for terra cotta, and other purposes that do not require a special color texture or shape.

Answer 77

Common Brick

Question 77

especially manufactured for use as a facing material: particularly care is taken to assure good color and surface texture, regularity in shape and dimension, and other characteristics that may contribute to a desired architectural effect.

Answer 77

Face Brick

Question 77

has a smooth glossy surface achieved in manufacture by firing at a high temperature after coating the unfired units with compounds that will fuse to provide a hard-impervious surface

Answer 77

Glazed Brick

Question 77

widely used reinforcing material for almost all types of concrete construction. It is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and compression load and hundred times stronger in tensile strength.

Answer 77

Steel

Question 77

a fibrous substance which composed the trunk and branches of the tree that lies between the pith and the bark.

Answer 77

wood

Question 77

the structural reinforcing member that holds or binds together the main reinforcement of a beam or girder to a designed position.

Answer 77

stirrups

Question 77

are special brick composed of clay, silica, flint, and feldspar. They have a high fusing point and are suitable for FURNACE or FIREPLACE linings.

Answer 77

Fire Brick

Question 77

wood after it is sawed or sliced into boards, planks, timber, etc.

Answer 77

lumber

Question 77

a panel which are made of wood chips that have been exploded, leaving cellulose fibers and lignin

Answer 77

Hardboard

Question 77

is made of any vegetable mineral, or synthetic fiber mixed with binder and pressed into a flat sheet

Answer 77

Pressed Board

Question 77

un-planed or undressed lumber

Answer 77

Rough Lumber

Question 77

planed lumber having at least one smooth side.

Answer 77

Surfaced or Dressed Lumber

Question 77

lumbers that are joined together by a glue to form a bigger size of timber with the desired size and shape

Answer 77

Glued-Laminated Lumber

Question 77

is a glue laminated wood product engineered to make a thin sheet of wood 1/10 to 1/4 in. in thickness

Answer 77

Plywood

Question 77

a panel made of wood fibers bonded with urea type resins and pressed under high temperature.

Answer 77

Particle Board

Question 77

the kind of rough lumber which is cut tangent to the annual rings running the full length of the log and containing at least one flat surface.

Answer 77

Slab

Question 78

a wide piece of lumber five inches or 13 cm or larger in its smallest dimension

Answer 78

Timber

Question 79

a wide piece of lumber from 4- to 13-cm thick

Answer 79

Plank

Question 80

a piece of lumber less than 4 cm thick with at least 10 cm wide

Answer 80

Board

Question 81

a thick piece of lumber

Answer 81

Flitch

Question 82

annual rings are small the grain or marking which separates the adjacent rings

Answer 82

Fine grained

Question 83

large grain

Answer 83

Coarse grain

Question 84

when the direction of the fibers are near parallel with the side and edges of the board.

Answer 84

Straight Grained

Question 84

when a lumber is taken from a crooked tree.

Answer 84

Crooked or Cross-Grained

Question 84

are most preferred in building construction which grows larger by addition of layer on the surface each year.

Answer 84

Exogenous trees

Question 84

a liquid paste formulation used to remove paint, varnish, enamel, or laquer.

Answer 84

Paint Remover

Question 84

a mixture of a pigment and vehicle such as oil or water that together form a liquid or paste that can be applied to a surface to provide an adherent coating that imparts color to and often protects the surface.

Answer 84

paint

Question 84

a post which supports a handrail and encloses the open sections of a stairway.

Answer 84

Baluster

Question 84

is the height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.

Answer 84

Rise

Question 84

a level stage in a shaft at which cages are loaded and discharged

Answer 84

Landing

Question 85

a board placed vertically beneath the tread of a step in a staircase.

Answer 85

Riser

Question 85

the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight

Answer 85

run

Question 85

support at the end of a bridge

Answer 85

Abutment

Question 85

for foundations unless otherwise stated

Answer 85

Coarse Concrete

Question 85

for floor slabs, roads, yards, etc.

Answer 85

Normal Concrete

Question 85

applied to sand/coarser materials that the cement bonds together.

Answer 85

Aggregate

Question 85

loading that will cause failure on the supporting soil.

Answer 85

Soil bearing capacity

Question 85

without charge for delivery to and placing on board or carriers at a specific point.

Answer 85

Free on Board (FOB)

Question 85

lumber finished smooth on all four sides.

Answer 85

S4S

Question 85

column-like concrete foundation

Answer 85

Pier

Question 85

a unit of deformation

Answer 85

strain

Question 85

opposite of toughness and durability and refers to small resistance to a sudden blow. Also the tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation

Answer 85

Brittleness

Question 85

algebraic sum of all the external forces, acting parallel to a cross section on one side of the section tending to cause failure by a sliding movement.

Answer 85

Shear force

Question 85

endurance limit.

Answer 85

Fatigue strength

Question 85

also known as drawing. Hardened and quenched steel is subjected to additional heating at temperature below the critical temperature for a certain period of time then allowed to cool in still air (obtain tempered martensite.)

Answer 85

tempering

Question 85

term, which includes girders, stringers, joists, rafters, purlins, lintels, and even roof boards or flooring.

Answer 85

beam

Question 85

a condition in which the pressure of air in an enclosed space is greater than that of the outside atmosphere.

Answer 85

plenum

Question 85

amount of sag or settlement under a load measured from the horizontal level.

Answer 85

Deflection

Question 85

property of an elastic body by which energy can be stored up in the body by loads applied to it and given up in recovering its original shape when loads are removed. Also the quality of absorbing impact loads without passing the elastic limit.

Answer 85

Resilience

Question 85

gradually supply moisture and maintaining proper temperature so as to have favorable conditions for hydration of the cement particularly during the early hardening period.

Answer 85

Curing

Question 85

refer to the resistance of the material to deterioration in quality during its period of use.

Answer 85

Durability

Question 85

for concrete work is usually less than ¼ inch in diameter.

Answer 85

Fine aggregate

Question 85

softening process in which an iron box alloy is heated to high temperature for transformation. After being held for proper time at this condition, the temperature is lowered in a furnace to a temperature below the transformation range.

Answer 85

Annealing stee

Question 85

maximum tensile stress that a material can resist without failure.

Answer 85

Tensile strength

Question 85

are large beams taking the place of interior foundation. They form supports for joists and interior walls or other bearing.

Answer 85

Girders

Question 85

a projecting portion of tooth that engages similar parts on another wheel or gear.

Answer 85

cog

Question 85

undressed as it comes from the saw.

Answer 85

rough lumber

Question 85

resistance to bending or deformation under stress within elastic limit. It is measured by the modulus of elasticity in the elastic range, the higher the modules the stiffer.

Answer 85

Stiffness

Question 85

general term for timber and lumber.

Answer 85

wood

Question 85

lumber, which has been run though a matching, machine, sticker or molder.

Answer 85

Worked lumber

Question 85

freshly cut trees, raw logs, large size cut or sawn logs

Answer 85

timber

Question 85

wood products associated with lumber yards (sawn timber, cut into commercial sizes).

Answer 85

lumbers

Question 85

branch of physical science concerned with the action of forces on bodies and the effects of which they produce.

Answer 85

Mechanics

Question 86

materials are considered durable if they retain their strength and other properties over a considerable period of time.

Answer 86

Durability

Question 86

this characteristic of a material measures the erase with which it can be worked or shaped.

Answer 86

Workability

Question 86

the degree to which a material resists chemical combination with other materials with which it comes in contact is a measure of its resistance to corrosion.

Answer 86

Resistance to Corrosion

Question 87

the resistance offered by a rigid body to an external force tending to change its form.

Answer 87

Stress

Question 88

change in form produced by a stress.

Answer 88

strain

Question 89

are those tending to cause two contiguous parts of a body to slide, relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact.

Answer 89

Shearing Stress

Question 89

the limit of stress within which deformation disappear after the stress is removed.

Answer 89

Elastic limit

Question 89

are those tending to pull an object in two, or to stretch it.

Answer 89

Tensile Stresses

Question 90

the ratio of the increment of unit stress to increment of unit deformation. It is a measure of stiffness of
materials.

Answer 90

Modulus of elasticity

Question 90

the ability of a material to return to its original shape after the removal of stresses.

Answer 90

Elasticity

Question 90

tend to press or squeeze an object.

Answer 90

Compressive Stress

Question 90

the internal resistance per unit area that results from an external force.

Answer 90

Unit Stress

Question 90

is the amount of stress, which produces failure by increasing the unit until breakage or rupture occurs

Answer 90

Ultimate Strength

Question 90

the amount of change in the materials shape.

Answer 90

Deformation

Question 90

means small measure.

Answer 90

Modules

Question 91

the ratio of the ultimate strength to the working stress-common factor of safety for wood is 4 and for steel is 2.

Answer 91

Factor of Safety

Question 91

the measure of the strength of a beam according to the arrangement of the material

Answer 91

Section Modulus

Question 91

the measure of the resistance of materials to bending stresses

Answer 91

Modulus of Rapture

Question 91

the highest unit stress to which a material should be subject for a specific purpose

Answer 91

Working Stress/Allowable Unit Stress

Question 91

the tendency or a measure of tendency, to produce motion, especially around a point or an axis. It is a measure of stresses acting on the beam.

Answer 91

Bending moment

Question 91

the weight of the structure itself

Answer 91

dead load

Question 91

the weight carried by the structure, on the weight that is super imposed on it.

Answer 91

Live load

Question 91

point that corresponds to the center of gravity of a very thin homogenous plate of the same area and shape.

Answer 91

Centroid

Question 91

load of uniform magnitude, for each unit of length that extends, over a portion or the entire length of a member.

Answer 91

Uniformly Distributed Load

Question 91

material, which is mixed with Portland cement aggregate, or water added to concrete to modify its properties.

Answer 91

Admixture

Question 91

a structural member that is reasonably long compared with its lateral dimensions when suitably supported, and subjected to transverse forces so applied as to induce bending of the member in an axial plane.

Answer 91

beam

Question 91

graphical representation of the values of the vertical shear throughout the length of a beam.

Answer 91

Shear Diagram

Question 91

changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion or causes a body on which the forces acts, to change its shape if held in place by another force or forces.

Answer 91

force

Question 91

the tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically with respect to an adjacent part is called.

Answer 91

Vertical shear

Question 91

an element used primarily to support axial compressive loads and with height at least three times its least lateral dimension.

Answer 91

column

Question 91

the entire assemblage at the intersections of the members.

Answer 91

Joints

Question 92

inert material, which is mixed with Portland cement and water to produce concrete.

Answer 92

Aggregate

Question 92

an upright compression member having a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimensions of 3 or less.

Answer 92

pedestal

Question 92

mixture of Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water.

Answer 92

concrete

Question 92

aggregate having a dry, loose weight of 70-lbs/cu ft.

Answer 92

Aggregate (Lightweight)

Question 92

any mechanical device capable of developing the strength of the reinforcement without damage to the concrete. It is the means by which the pre – stress force is permanently transferred to the concrete.

Answer 92

Mechanical Anchorage

Question 93

plain or reinforced concrete element cast in other that its final position in the structure

Answer 93

Pre-Cast Concrete

Question 94

concrete containing reinforcement, including pre-stressing steel, and designed on the assumption that the two materials not together in resisting forces.

Answer 94

Reinforced Concrete

Question 95

continuously around reinforcement in the form of cylindrical helix.

Answer 95

Spiral

Question 96

a vertical element used primarily to enclose or separate spaces.

Answer 96

Wall

Question 96

process of connecting one joint to another.

Answer 96

Bridging

Question 97

the height or rise of a truss divided by the span

Answer 97

pitch

Question 97

these are the spaces between trusses

Answer 97

bays

Question 97

is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying all the infinitely small areas by the square of their distances to the neutral axis.

Answer 97

Moment of inertia

Question 97

is a jointed frame, used to support loads over a relatively long span

Answer 97

truss

Question 97

an index of the stiffness of a structural section when used as a column or other compression member.

Answer 97

Radius of Gyration

Question 97

a horizontal plane separating the compressive and tensile stress.

Answer 97

Neutral Surface

Question 97

ASTM

Answer 97

American Society of Testing and Materials.

Question 97

the distance from the edge of a member to the center of the connector closer to the edge, measured perpendicular to the edge.

Answer 97

Edge Distance

Question 98

the property of a material that permits it to undergo plastic deformation when subjected to stresses

Answer 98

Ductility

Question 98

the ability of a material to be deformed and to return to the original shape.

Answer 98

elasticity

Question 98

the unbraced length in inches divided by the dimension of the least side.

Answer 98

Slenderness Ratio

Question 98

materials have the same properties in all directions. (Wood has a grain; rolled steel is not isotropic).

Answer 98

Isotropic

Question 98

the ration of plastic section modulus to the elastic section modulus.

Answer 98

Shape Factor

Question 98

the lines, parallel to the length of a member, in which bolts or rivets are placed.

Answer 98

Cage lines

Question 98

the moment of inertia for an area relative to a line or axis perpendicular to the plane of the area

Answer 98

Polar moment of inertia

Question 98

the beam spanning from truss to truss that brings to the trusses the leads due to wind, and weight of the roof connections

Answer 98

purlin

Question 98

is a loss of carbon from the surface of steel occurring during hot rolling, forging and heat-treating, when the surrounding medium reacts with the carbon.

Answer 98

Decarburization

Question 98

brings about the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution by holding body at an elevated temperature, also called artificial aging.

Answer 98

Precipitation Heat Treatment

Question 98

the portion of a truss that occurs between two adjacent joints of the upper chord

Answer 98

panel

Question 98

contact pressure between separate bodies.

Answer 98

Bearing stress

Question 98

bending of a material beyond the elastic range of strain.

Answer 98

Plastic Bending

Question 98

occurs in some metals, notably certain stainless, aluminum, and copper alloys, at ambient temperature after solution heat treatment, the process being on a of constituent precipitating from solid solution.

Answer 98

Age hardening (precipitation hardening)

Question 98

the ability of a material to absorb of damp vibrations, which is process of absorbing kinetic energy of vibration owing to hysteresis.

Answer 98

Damping Capacity

Question 98

steel are usually considered to be the metallic elements added for the purpose of modifying the properties

Answer 98

Alloying elements

Question 98

a substance with metallic properties composed of two or more elements of which at least one is a metal.

Answer 98

Alloy

Question 98

the characteristics of exhibiting different properties when tested in different directions (as tensile strength “with the
grain” or “across the grain”).

Answer 98

Anisotropy

Question 98

the process of deforming a metal plastically at a temperature below the recrystallization temperature and at rate to produce strain hardening.

Answer 98

Cold working

Question 98

one, which a specimen, supported at both ends as a simple beam, is broken by the impact of a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is a measure of the impact strength of the metal.

Answer 98

Charpy Test

Question 98

brittleness of metal at ordinary or low temperature

Answer 98

Cold Shortness

Question 98

a limited area within the farm, occupied by building corrals, fences, and gates, and used generally as center of operations for farm work and activities.

Answer 98

Farmstead

Question 98

a temper produced in a wire, rod, or tube by cold drawing

Answer 98

Hard Drawn

Question 98

a management system for dairy cattle wherein the adult animals are given access to a feeding area, a resting area, and an adjoining open lot

Answer 98

Loose Housing

Question 98

involves the loss of ductility because of a physical or chemical change of the material.

Answer 98

Embrittlement

Question 98

part of the carbon content of steel or iron that is in the form of graphite or temper carbon.

Answer 98

free carbon

Question 98

have the same structure at all points. (Steel consists of randomly oriented iron crystals of different sizes, with other matter in between and is thus not homogenous).

Answer 98

Homogenous materials

Question 98

a test which a specimen, support at one end as a cantilever beam, is broken by the impact of falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in breaking and is thus not homogenous).

Answer 98

Izod test

Question 98

the materials susceptibility to extreme deformation in rolling and hammering. The more malleable the metal, the thinner the sheet into which it can be formed.

Answer 98

Malleability

Question 98

the ratio of the lateral strain (contracting) to the longitudinal strain (extension) when the element is loaded with a longitudinal tensile force.

Answer 98

Poisson’s Ratio

Question 98

is increasing the hardness and strength by plastic deformation.

Answer 98

strain hardening

Question 98

is the ability of metal to be deformed considerably without rupture.

Answer 98

plasticity

Question 98

stress which causes a specified permanent deformation of a material, usually 0.01% or less.

Answer 98

Proof Stress

Question 98

brittleness in steel when it is red hot.

Answer 98

Red Shortness

Question 98

steel that contains significant quantities of recognized alloying metals, the most common being aluminum,
chromium, etc.

Answer 98

Wrought Alloy Steel

Question 98

several rows of treed of various size to reduce air velocities and dust.

Answer 98

wind break

Question 98

associated with creep, is the decreasing stress at a constant strain; important for metals in high – temperature service.

Answer 98

relaxation

Question 98

an operation or combination of operations involving the heating and cooling of metal or an alloy in the solid state for the purpose of altering the properties of the material.

Answer 98

Heat Treatment

Question 98

are those not due to applied loads or temperature gradients, they exists for various reasons, as unequal
cooling rates, cold working, etc.

Answer 98

Residual Stress

Question 98

a heating and slow cooling of a solid metal, usually done to soften it.

Answer 98

Annealing

Question 98

AISI

Answer 98

American Iron and Steel Institute

Question 98

the heating of a metal body to a suitable temperature and holding it at the temperature of a suitable time for the purpose of reducing interval residual stress.

Answer 98

Stress Relieving

Question 98

suddenly applied load.

Answer 98

Impulsive Load

Question 98

the heating of certain steel above the transformation range and then quenching for the purpose of increasing the hardness.

Answer 98

Hardening

Question 98

an enclosed covered building for the keeping and care of livestock and/or storage of roughage.

Answer 98

barn

Question 98

horizontal, continuous flow one story hydrolytic tank in which the suspended matter is retained until anaerobic decomposition is to a considerable extent.

Answer 98

Septic Tank

Question 98

structure, sometimes referred to as stanchion barn for sheltering dairy cattle and/or young stack where the adult animals are confined to one or more rows of stall by means of stanchion, straps for part of the year.

Answer 98

stall barn

Question 98

shelter, a place of equipment, which is an aid to the conservation, and better use of the farm resources.

Answer 98

Building