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unit 5 test!! > agricultural hearths + types of farming > Flashcards

agricultural hearths + types of farming Flashcards

1
Q

1st-Vegetative planting

A

taking parts of the plant and replanting

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2
Q

2nd-Seed agriculture

A

taking just the seeds and replanting

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3
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

Southwest Asia, arc from the eastern Mediterranean coast up into what is not western Turkey and the south and east along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Syria and Iraq
**Generally regarded as the 1st agricultural hearth, and most important, but agriculture did begin in multiple places around the same time

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4
Q

why these places

A

Fertile soil
Availability of water
Moderate climates
Organizational skills of residents

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5
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

the exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa

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6
Q

How is AGRICULTURE a good example of Relocation Diffusion

A

The Columbian Exchange

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7
Q

How is AGRICULTURE a good example of Hierarchical Diffusion

A

Those in core countries can afford the latest technology and advances in agriculture to help them grow even more food

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8
Q

How is AGRICULTURE a good example of Contagious Diffusion

A

As preferences spread for different types of food, more and more people will start to grow it

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9
Q

How is AGRICULTURE a good example of Stimulus Diffusion

A

The basic idea of intentionally growing food and raising animals has spread, but has been adapted to the different climates and food preferences of people around the world

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10
Q

First Agricultural Revolution

A

Started about 9,000 B.C.E. and lasted for thousands of years

The shift from foraging to farming

Hearth: multiple places, multiple times, independently

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11
Q

Societal Changes

A

Nomadic to sedentary
Built homes
Possessed goods
Decrease in variety of foods consumed
New tools to promote efficiency
Domestication of animals
Irrigation
Population increase
Food storage
Specialization of labor
New job opportunities (some people not needed to cultivate)
Production of non-food crops
More complex societies, growth of cities
Class-system
Warfare

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12
Q

Second Agricultural Revolution

A

Early 1700s, Great Britain and other European countries

Saw dramatic improvements in crop yields, new innovations, and advancements in fertilizers and drainage systems

Enclosure Systems

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13
Q

Enclosure system

A

systems in which communal lands were replaced by farms owned by individuals, and use of the land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented land from the owner

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14
Q

Changes

A

Pushed peasants off land, now have a labor surplus
*Led directly to Industrial Revolution–had an
available labor pool

Increased yields due to more efficient tools and techniques
*Horse drawn seed drill-Jethro Tull
*Mechanical reaper–Cyrus McCormick
*Steel plow–John Deere
*Crop rotation–used land more efficiently,
and didn’t leave land unused (fallow)

Result: population boom

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15
Q

Green revolution

A

1950s

Higher-yield seeds, increased use of fertilizers, and better irrigation

Big impacts on wheat and rice production–disease and drought resistant

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16
Q

Green revolutions adv

A

Food production outpaces population growth

Fertilized help productivity

Fertilized help productivity

Fertilized help productivity

New irrigation=more crops

Agribusiness has increased profits for farmers

17
Q

Green revolution disads

A

Agribusiness has increased profits for farmers

Fertilizers lead to groundwater pollution

Overfishing

Green Revolution has not extended to Sub-Saharan Africa

Irrigation has led to groundwater depletion

Lack of crop diversity

18
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

A

an agricultural practice that provides crops and livestock to feed one’s family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock
*Generally: more farmers, smaller farm size,
less machinery

19
Q

Commercial Agriculture

A

an agricultural practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for others to purchase
*Generally: less farmers, larger farm size,
more machinery

20
Q

Nomadic Herding (Pastoral Nomadism)

A

LDCs, Subsistence, Extensive

Climate: too hot/dry/arid to raise crops, so they raise animals instead

Where: North Africa, SW Asia, Central Asia
Animals: camels, horses, goats, cattle, llamas, donkeys, sheep

They are nomadic–move around to known food/water sources, sense of territoriality
*Transhumance: the seasonal migration
from the highlands to the lowland pastures

Women normally stay put and grow grain to supplement diet

Since it is extensive–most likely will not be sustainable into the future

21
Q

Shifting Cultivation pt1

A

LDCs, Subsistence, Extensive

Where: rainforests of South America, Central and
West Africa, and Southeast Asia

Climate: tropical

Crops: intertillage-a variety of crops, little bit of everything

Use hand tools and animal power to clear fields, plow, plant, and harvest

Since it is extensive, it most likely will not be sustainable into the future

22
Q

Shifting Cultivation pt 2

A

Slash/burn the field
*Swidden: cleared field
*Potash: potassium rich ash used to fertilize
Work the land for about 3 years
*2nd year is the best
Move on to next field, slash/burn

Leave original field to fallow

Make your way back to original field in about 20 years

23
Q

Intensive Subsistence, Wet Rice

A

LDCs, Subsistence, Intensive
Where: SE Asia, coastal areas of S Asia, and SE China
Climate: monsoon=LOTS of rainfall, plenty of water for RICE
Crops: RICE
Use every single bit of land as much as possible, hand tools and animal power
Double/Triple-Crop: obtaining two/three harvests per year from 1 field
*Why? SO MANY MOUTHS TO FEED
Start seeds in nursery, then plant in sawah (flooded field)

24
Q

Intensive Subsistence, Other Crop

A

LDCs, Subsistence, Intensive
Where: Northern China, Interior parts of S and SE Asia
Climate: drier, not as much rain, so cannot grow rice
Crops: wheat, and many other crops, just not rice
Used every single bit of land as much as possible, hand tools and animal power
Crop rotation: rotate crops in order to not exhaust the fields
Double/Triple-Crop: obtaining two/three harvests per year from 1 field
*Why? SO MANY MOUTHS TO FEED

25
Q

Plantation

A

LDCs, COMMERCIAL, Intensive

Where: scattered in places along the Equator (Asia, Africa, and the Americas)

Climate: tropical

Crops: cash crops-coffee, sugarcane, bananas, rubber, tobacco, cotton, cocoa, tea, palm oil, etc.

Operate in LDCs, but owned by MDCs
Why? LDCs have cheaper land, cheaper labor,
less environmental regulations, many located
in Southern hemisphere so can provide
fruits/veggies to Northern hemisphere in the
opposite season (Chile)
Neocolonial relationships
Transnational corporations

26
Q

Mixed Crop & Livestock

A

MDCs, Commercial, Intensive

Where: Mid-West (MMMMMMidwest, MMMMMMMixed Crop)

Most common form of agriculture in the U.S.
Most of the land is dedicated to growing crops, but most of the profit comes from animal products
Most of the crops are actually fed to the l
ivestock as feed
By having diversity of product–helps to off-set bad crop years
#1 crop: Corn
#2 crop: Soybeans
*Do use crop rotation

27
Q

Market Gardening

A

MDCs, Commercial, Intensive

Where: SE U.S. (near urban areas)–nice long growing season, doesn’t have much of a winter, plenty of rainfall

Crops: fruits, vegetables, and flowers

Very efficient–takes full advantage of science, GMOs, technology, pesticides, etc.

Speciality farming has grown in the NE as many dairy farmers have switched to gardening (more profitable)
*Farm-to-table movement has also helped to
give new momentum to this agricultural practice
Truck Farming (used to be synonymous): similar product, but grown further from market and shipped in

28
Q

Dairy Farming

A

MDCs, Commercial, Intensive

Where: Great Lakes–Northeast, near urban areas
*Milkshed: the ring around the city where
milk can be produced and get to mark
before it spoils
*Outside of milkshed?: make other dairy
products that have a longer shelf life
Animals: raise cows for dairy products
Grows as a country develops
*India: largest producer of fresh milk
*New Zealand: largest producer of dairy
products
U.S. has seen a decline in dairy farms in recent decades–not as profitable as it once was, and very labor-intensive

29
Q

Grain Farming

A

MDCs, Commercial, Mix between Intensive and Extensive
Where: The Great Plains of the U.S. (Great Plains=Great Grains)
*The World’s Breadbasket
*Ukraine is Europe’s Breadbasket (Ukraine=U
Grain)
#1 Crop: Wheat
Winter wheat: planted in the autumn and harvested in summer (Southern)
Spring wheat: planted in spring and harvest late summer (Northern)

30
Q

Mediterranean

A

MDCs, Commercial, Mixed between Intensive and Extensive

Where: Mediterranean Sea, West Coasts of continents (California, Chile, & South Africa)

Crops: horticulture–fruit, flowers, and veggies, some animal raising, some wheat production (in drier areas)

Most important crops: grapes and olives

31
Q

Ranching

A

MDCs, Commercial, Extensive
Commercial version of Pastoral Nomadism
Climate: hot/dry/arid, can’t grow crops
Where: The West (U.S.), Pampas (Argentina), Australia, & New Zealand
*Since it is extensive, need a lot of room to
roam
Animals: U.S.-mainly cattle, New Zealand-mainly sheep
Became population in the late 1800s, when the East had a taste for beef, but didn’t have the room to raise them. The Cowboy/cattle drive era began.
*Popularity waned after the invention of
barbed-wire

32
Q

Monocropping

A

the cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally

33
Q

Monoculture

A

agricultural system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually

34
Q

comm farming adv

A

Allows for specialization and efficiency

35
Q

comm farming disad

A
  • Soil exhaustion–crop rotation: varying of crops year to year
  • Overproduction leading to decreased prices
  • Loss of biodiversity
36
Q

Bid-Rent Theory

A

a theory that explains how land value determines how a farmer will use the land–either intensively or extensively

37
Q

Factors Hurting Small-Scale Farms

A

Most of the population is moving to urban areas
Younger generations don’t want to farm
Farmers are aging and dying off
Rising costs
* Would benefit from an economies of scale
* Encouraged to sell off to BIG AG

38
Q

Vertical integration

A

when a company controls more than one stage of the production process

unit 5 test!! (3 decks)

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