Agri Power -Belonio Flashcards
Belonio Material 2021
the rate at which the energy is used or the work is performed. Energy divided by time.
Power
the capacity of a physical system to perform work. It consists of mass of molecule that produces power either heat, mechanical, electrical,
chemical, or any of their combinations
Energy
States that in all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial state.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
States that the energy is always conserved, it is neither created nor destroyed.
First Law of Thermodynamics
gasoline, diesel, kerosene, bunker oil, etc. for running engines and for producing heat for furnaces,
etc.
Fuel oil
Direct current is stored in a battery through electrical and chemical processes which is subsequently used for lighting and for driving motors to produce power.
Electrical Battery System
heat from the sun for drying, dehydration, steam generation, and electricity generation.
Solar
a type of fuel in which its energy is derived from biological
carbon fixation.
Biofuel
produces mechanical power from the kinetic energy of the wind to
energize wind machines such as wind mill, wind pump and wind turbine.
Wind
combustion to produce
heat, producer gas, bio-oil; fermentation to produce alcohol; and digestion to produce methane gas.
Biomass
produces mechanical power from the kinetic energy of water to
drive pumps and micro-turbine for generation of electricity.
Hydro
Biomass, such as rice husks, wood chips, etc., are used as fuel in the
production of steam which drives steam turbines that produces electricity.
Biomass Power Generation System
rate of using energy usually expressed either in horsepower, watts,
pferde starke, etc.
Power
Small DC generators are driven by a fast running
rotor to produce electricity for off-grid
applications, particularly in energizing farmers homes.
Wind Turbine System
Fuel oil is used to produce mechanical power through combustion of fuel inside the engine cylinder.
Internal Combustion Engine System
Heat is produced for various agricultural
processing operations by full or partial combustion of biomass.
Biomass Thermal System
Direct current is produced from sun light
through a solar cell which is subsequently used for home lighting,
water pumping for crop irrigation, etc.
Solar Photovoltaic System
Heat from the sun is captured by means of an absorber
or a concentrator for applications like
drying, dehydration, etc.
Solar-Thermal System
system appropriate for distributed generation in which distribution grid user has a two-way connectionnto the grid and is only charge for his net electricity consumption and is credited for any overall contribution to the electricity grid.
Net Metering
The kinetic energy of water is utilized to drive a wheel or a turbine to produce mechanical power for various applications like corn milling, grinding cereals, lifting water, electricity
generation, etc.
Hydro Power System
amount of heat
energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water
one degree Fahrenheit.
British Thermal Unit
force in pound acting on
a distance of 1 foot.
Foot-Pound
the energy released per unit mass or volume of
the fuel when the fuel is completely burned
Heating Value of Fuel
refers to the condition in which water in the final combustion products remains as vapor or steam.
Lower Heating Value
the high voltage backbone system of interconnected transmission lines, substations, and
related facilities
Grid
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
Calorie
a condition in which the water is condensed out of the combustion products
Higher Heating Value
also called pyrolysis oil or biocrude
bio-oil
is usually referred to the part of the energy of
an atomic nucleus which can be
released by fusion or fission or by
radioactive decay.
Nuclear Energy (Uranium)
is a material that stores energy which is subsequently extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner.
Fuel
a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, with other hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide.
Natural Gas
a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds that
are found in geologic formation beneath the earth’s surface.
Crude Oil
measures the ignition quality of fuel in the engine. The higher the number, the lesser the fuel is susceptible to ‘knocking’
Octane Number
a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock
usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal
seams.
Coal
is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon
gases used as fuel in heating appliances and vehicles. It consists of
propane and butane.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
The gravity of liquid fuel is usually expressed in _____ degrees.
API (American Petroleum Institute)
the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel flow under prescribed condition. It is a very rough indication of
the lowest temperature at which fuel is ready to be pumped.
Pour Point
the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel is heated in order to give
off sufficient vapor forming an inflammable air-gas mixture
Flash Point
Biomass Producer Gas – is a gaseous fuel derived from burning of biomass at a temperature of around 900°C and with limited amount of air. When the fuel is gasified using
pure oxygen, the gas is called
synthetic gas
explosion caused by its premature burning in the combustion chamber
knocking’
is manufactured
from heavier distillation fraction, particularly gas oil;
Cracked gasoline
distance traveled by a piston
from top dead center to bottom dead
center.
Stroke
refers to the size of the opening of the cylinder which is almost equal
to the diameter of the piston plus the
rings.
Bore
measures the ignition quality of diesel fuel. The higher the number, the easier it is to start
a compression-ignition engine
Cetane Number
volume in
the combustion cylinder when the
piston is at the TDC position.
Clearance Volume (CV)
consists of all
types of natural raw or cracked gasoline and are mixed together in the refining process.
Blended gasoline
ratio of the
total volume to the clearance volume
Compression Ratio (CR)
series of events occurring one
after the other is a definite order and
repeating the event after the last one
has occurred.
Cycle
power
available at the drive shaft or
crankshaft of the engine.
Brake Horsepower (BHP)
amount of pressure generated during
the power stroke of an engine.
Mean Effective pressure (MEP)
lowest
position of the piston during intake
and power stroke.
Bottom Dead Center (BDC)
uppermost
position of the piston during the
compression and exhaust stroke.
Top Dead Center (TDC)
volume
displaced by a piston in one stroke
Piston Displacement (PD)
equivalent to one
complete rotation of the crankshaft.
Revolution
power generated at the combustion chamber
of the engine.
Indicate Horsepower (IHP)
power of the
engine as specified by the
manufacturer.
Rated Horsepower
houses the valves,
spark plug or fuel injector and serves
as cover for the cylinder block.
Cylinder Head
ratio of the
brake horsepower to the indicated
horsepower.
Mechanical Efficiency
power
loss due to friction of piston and other
components of the engine.
Friction Horsepower (FHP)
ratio of the
brake horsepower to the power
available in the fuel.
Brake Thermal Efficiency
rate of
fuel consumed per unit brake power
Specific Fuel Consumption
minimum speed the
engine runs at no load, usually around
900 rpm.
Idle Speed
opening
adjustment of the engine throttle at
the best operating condition which is
usually 75% of the total opening.
Optimum Throttle Opening
hollow cylinder with
closed top upon which the expanding
gases act and transmit force to the
crankshaft.
Piston
joins the connecting rod
and the piston. It is removable to
facilitate replacement of piston.
Piston Pin
retain compression, reduce cylinder wall contact thereby reduce
friction losses and wear
Piston Rings
encloses the piston
and confines the expanding gases.
Cylinder Block
actuates the valves
through a rocker arm to open and
close during engine operation.
Camshaft
allows the flow of fuel and exhaust gases.
Valve
receives the power from
the piston and transmits it to the other
parts of the engine to do useful work.
Crankshaft
the control device of an
engine. It governs or controls the
engine speed at some fixed value
while power output changes to meet
the demand.
Governor
connects the piston
and the crankshaft. It transmits power
from the piston to the crankshaft.
Connecting Rod
an alternative form of power transmission that functions most like
the automatic transmission of an
automobile.
Hydro Static Transmission
encloses and supports the crankshaft and serves as reservoir for
the lubricating oil
Crankcase
contains the oil used to
lubricate an engine
Oil Pan
rugged high performance work tools that can be added to the tractor to increase its
job functions.
Implement
used in measuring the
level of lubricating oil in an engine.
Dip Stick
the energy storage
device of an engine to keep it at uniform speed when the crankshaft is
not receiving power from the piston.
Flywheel
consists of two lift arms and one top link where
pins are attached to the
implement. It is used to attach rear-mounted attachments like mowers, blades, scrapers, posthole digger, tiller, and backhoes.
Three-Point Hitch
a framework that supports the tractor frame and guts including the engine, transmission, suspension, etc.
Chassis
increases the output of
the tractor engine by about 20%.
Turbo Charger
an added weight to the
tractor that serves as a counter balance to a heavy load that is
usually found at the rear of the tractor.
Ballast
an attachment to the tractor 3-point
hitch allowing the operator to easily
hook onto implements without leaving the tractor seat.
Fast Hitch or Quick Hitch
a bar on the rear of the
tractor used for towing.
Drawbar
a large bucket like
implement attached to the front of the tractor for lifting materials.
Front-End Loader
hydraulically-driven transmission that
offer variable speed with the use of
a foot pedal.
Hydraulic Transmission
amount of energy an
engine takes to lift 550 pounds one
foot in one second.
Horsepower
is used to prove to
an attachment, the PTO allows the
attachment to draw energy from the
tractor ’s engine.
Power Take Off
ability of a tractor to turn on a dime adding
more maneuverability to the tractor.
Zero Turning Radius
is use to transfer the
power from the engine to the drive wheels and to the power take off.
Power Train
a frame on open station (non-cab)
tractors that provide a safe environment for the operator in an
event of a rollover.
Roll-Over Protective Structure
gear system that determines the speed of direction of
the tractor.
Transmission
allows for the shifting of gears on the move
without the gears clashing.
Synchronized Transmission
refers to the number of
individual voltages applied to the motor.
phase
a machine that converts
electrical to mechanical power producing
rotational motion and torque.
electric motor
an armature winding or the rotating part of the motor which is
typically constructed of a laminated steel core containing current carrying copper wire.
Rotor
maximum torque a motor can develop during overload without stalling.
Breakdown Torque
support the shaft of the motor. The sleeve bearing is standard for most motors. The roller bearing supports the
shaft at any position with less maintenance.
Bearings
a device or a mechanical contrivance consisting of two or more relatively constrained components which
is energized by a power source to transmit and/or modify force and motion to accomplish some desired work
Machine
applied on the withers, in front and over the shoulder of the animal.
Withers Yoke
short duration high power input process generally between 200° to 300°C using cooking oil.
Frying
the most suitable harnessing system. It includes a frame for fitting on the animals, padding for protection and comfort, and a device for hitching
implements.
Collar
a heating device where biomass fuel is burned to produce heat for various processing operations or for steam generation to drive turbines and produce electricity.
Biomass furnace
lighter and simpler harness and is widely used for horses and mules because of simplicity and lower cost.
Breast band
mainly used for bovines. Power is taken from points on the animal
higher than collars and breast bands. It can be used either for single, double, or triple number of animals.
Yoke
known as a forehead
yokes which are tied in front of the horns. Padding is required between the yoke and the animals neck.
Head Yoke
raising the temperature of water to 100°C and then allowed to simmer until the exothermic reaction in the food is completed.
Boiling
provides information on the percentages of
volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash
in the fuel.
Proximate Analysis
usually used for biomass furnaces to obtain quality heat without smoke, tars and particulates.
Heat Exchanger
provides information on the chemical composition of fuel in terms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur as mass percentages of
dry and ash-free biomass materials.
Ultimate Analysis
there is loss in the system as the energy is transformed in the system
2nd law of thermodynamics
combustion of fuel in the furnace is sustained when the temperature at the bed approximates the kindling temperature of about 300° to 400°C.
Fuel-Bed Temperature
the constant volume combustion cycle
otto cycle
It is the ratio of the amount of air to the stoichiometric air needed in gasifying the fuel. ER is at the ranged of 0.2 to 0.4 for all biomass.
Equivalence Ratio
constant pressure combustion cycle
diesel cycle
gas produced by putrefactive bacteria that breaks down organic matter under airless condition. It is
produced by anaerobic digestion
Biogas
Flammable, colorless, tasteless, and odorous
biogas
C/N ratio of _____ to 30:1 is suitable for
anaerobic digestion.
20:1, 30:1
serves as a bioreactor. It is a water-tight and air-tight container designed for the process and anaerobic microbial degradation of organic matter into which the slurry is introduced for digestion and methanization.
Digester
Consists of a plastic bag at the upper part where the gas is stored.
balloon plant
Consists of an enclosed digester with fixed and non-movable gas space. Gas is stored in the upper part of the digester.
Fixed-Dome Plant
consists of a digester and a moving gas holder. The gas holder floats either directly on the fermentation slurry or in a water jacket of its own.
Floating Drum Plant
an alternative energy source which is renewable, cleaner, and more dependable than the conventional petroleum fuel. It is an ethanol derived from sugar cane, sweet sorghum, nipa and coconut sap, starchy corn and cassava, and other plant materials like cellulosic straw.
bioethanol
bioethanol with 99.99% alcohol content used for blending with gasoline fuel.
Anhydrous Bioethanol
mixture of two or more liquids that behave as one with a constant boiling point. It is formed when the ethanol content in water reaches 95.57 percent.
Azeotrope
alcohol produced from fermented nipa sap, molasses, and other sugar-rich biomass materials.
Bioethanol
source of fuel derived from any living organism such as agricultural crop residues, forest products, etc. except fossil fuel.
Biomass
piece of equipment that cools or removes heat from the vapor turning the vapor into liquid.
Condenser
raw form of bioethanol which constitute an alcohol content of more or less 40 percent. It is produced in a distiller without a distilling column commonly used in the production of spirit alcohol.
Crude Bioethanol
liquid product obtained after condensation from vapor during distillation process.
Distillate
apparatus used in distilling process to separate alcohol from water.
Distiller
process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by selective boiling and condensation.
Distillation
condensed alcohol introduced to the top of the distillation column to give the alcohol-water vapors a final
condensation to enhance proof strength
Reflux
chemical process brought about by the action of yeast and enzymes that converts fermentable sugars to
alcohol with carbon dioxide and heat as co-products.
Fermentation
instrument used to measure the specific gravity of liquids, including ethanol. The higher the specific gravity, the more buoyant the hydrometer in the liquid.
Hydrometer
gasoline fuel blended with 20 percent anhydrous bioethanol
E20
portion of a distillation column in which rising vapor is enriched by contact with the countercurrent falling
stream of condensed vapor, which returns
to the top of the stripper column as a liquid.
Rectifier
water and residual alcohol remaining in the boiler/steamer of the
distiller after distillation.
Stillage
straight or undiluted alcohol with water or other fuel.
Neat Alcohol
bioethanol produced from a distiller equipped with a distilling column having an alcohol content of more or less 95 percent.
Hydrous Bioethanol
instrument used to determine a solution’s sugar content by
measuring the bend of light through a bead of wort in a refractive index
Refractometer
measure of distilled alcohol content in fuel or beverage alcohol.
Proof Strength
the average power density striking the earth surface is about
0.89
kW/m2
the type of solar cell that is widely used today.
pure silicon
portion of a distillation column which removes vapors from the descending liquids when the vapors rise to the rectifier section.
Stripper
requires some way to absorb and collect solar radiation
Active System
an alternative fuel
produced from vegetable oil and
animal fats.
Biodiesel
The one remaining in the distiller after distillation is _____, which can also be processed to further obtain alcohol
stillage
small unicellular fungi that reproduce by budding and through metabolism and enzymatic action
Yeast
The liquid coming out of the condenser is
called
distillate
It converts sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide in the process called
fermentation
The power density of solar radiation entering
the earth’s atmosphere is about
1.355 kW/m2
Biodiesel is similar to the characteristics with fossil “diesel” oil and is produced by the process called
transesterification.
widely used for
small appliances such as watch and calculators. It has low efficiency and low long-terms stability. Materials are rarely used in power
application.
Amorphous Silicon
Protects the battery against overcharging
and deep-discharging which are both harmful to the battery
Charge Regulator
requires no equipment to build-up heat
Passive System
an energy conversion system that generates electricity from
sunlight. It is an appropriate solution to energy supply problem in rural areas
Photovoltaic
array of solar cells which are interconnected and encapsulated behind a glass cover
Solar Module
has the best efficiency of about 14% of the sunlight can be utilized and more expensive than multi-crystalline silicon.
Mono Crystalline Silicon
the number of hours during which the rate of solar radiation is 1000 W/m2.
peak sun hours
a machine that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity using a fast running
rotor, usually having a high tip speed ratio.
Wind Turbine
elevates the rotor to
the desired elevation to obtain the wind speed necessary for water
pumping.
Tower Assembly –
Axis of rotation of the rotor is parallel to the direction of the
wind.
Horizontal-Axis Rotor
Axis of rotation of the rotor is perpendicular with the wind direction.
Vertical-Axis Rotor
a machine that converts
the kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical power for pumping water.
Wind pump
Axis of rotation of the rotor is both horizontal to the surface of the earth and perpendicular with the wind direction.
Cross-Wind Rotor
lifts water from the
source at a desired rate and head
Pump Assembly
supports the rotor
and the tail-vane assemblies allowing
the rotor rotation to produce vertical
reciprocation motion for driving a lift
pump.
Head Assembly
the surface of the blade over which the air flows. The flow results in
either a lift or a drag force.
Airfoil
allows the rotor
to perpendicularly face the incoming
wind, or can be adjusted depending on
the desired orientation.
Tail-Vane Assembly
converts the wind
kinetic energy to mechanical energy. It
consists of a rotor ring, blades, and a
drive shaft.
Rotor Assembly
the force measured
perpendicular to the air flow.
Lift
According to the Location of
Installation of the wind turbine :
river or ocean bed
off-shore
the force parallel with the air flow.
drag
classification of tower:
similar to those used for antennas where guyed wires hold the
tower at around 80% of its height from
the base
Guyed Tower
According to the Location of
Installation of the wind turbine :
Inland
on-shore
classification of tower:
commonly
used for smaller systems
Self-Supporting Tower
having 3 to 4 legs with lateral and diagonal braces supporting
the rotor assembly .
Lattice Tower
e.g. pattern daily
diurnal
angle required to lift
an airfoil. It is measured between
the chord line and the direction of the airflow
angle of attack
It is the ratio of the drag
coefficient to the lift coefficient. The
smaller the ratio, the maximum power
is obtained at the rotor.
Cd/Cl Ratio
a renewable, nonpolluting and environmentally-benign source of energy based on simple concept where moving water turns a turbine that spins a generator to produce electricity.
Micro-Hydro
This makes use of a
dam to stop river flow, building up
reservoir of water behind the dam. The
water is then released through turbines
when power is needed
Storage Scheme
This is common for small hydro power plant
where there is no any capability to
store the water.
Run-of-the-River Scheme
produces enough
electricity for large towns and extensive
grid supplies. Production capacity is
more than 100 MW of power, usually
feeding large electricity grid.
Large-Hydro
usually from 15 to
100 MW, feeding the grid.
Medium-Hydro
provides power
between 1 to 15 MW, usually feeding
into a grid.
Small-Hydro
provides a small
contribution to the national grid and
typically supplies power from 300 kW
to below 1 MW.
Mini-Hydro
a smaller hydro
system than mini-hydro and generally does not contribute to national grid. Typically used to supply power for one
rural industry or one rural community.
Power ranges from 5 to 300 kW.
Micro-Hydro
Few hundred watts up to 5 kW.
Pico-Hydro
Usually less than 1 kW
Tiny-Hydro
This is where the water
turbine and the generator are placed
including their accessories.
Powerhouse
cyclic water pump powered by
hydro power.
Hydraulic Ram Pump
the ratio of the average
load over a certain period and the
maximum load during that period
Load factor
the power consumed at
various points from the grid.
Electrical load
maximum power
production during time divided by
installed capacity.
Utilization factor
the ratio of the
average output for a given period of
time to the plant installed capacity.
Capacity factor
total capacity of all
the generating units installed.
Installed capacity
the minimum
amount of power produced during a
certain period of time.
Primary power
the amount of
power over the primary power.
Secondary power
a rotary or a linear
actuator that allows for a precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration.
Servomotors
an adjustable gate that is used to control the flow of water entering a turbine.
Wicket gate
It uses water-hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a
portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a
point higher than the water originally started.
hydraulic ram pump
a cyclic water pump powered by hydro power.
hydraulic ram pump
