Agri Power -Belonio Flashcards
Belonio Material 2021
1
Q
the rate at which the energy is used or the work is performed. Energy divided by time.
A
Power
2
Q
the capacity of a physical system to perform work. It consists of mass of molecule that produces power either heat, mechanical, electrical,
chemical, or any of their combinations
A
Energy
3
Q
States that in all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial state.
A
Second Law of Thermodynamics
3
Q
States that the energy is always conserved, it is neither created nor destroyed.
A
First Law of Thermodynamics
4
Q
gasoline, diesel, kerosene, bunker oil, etc. for running engines and for producing heat for furnaces,
etc.
A
Fuel oil
4
Q
Direct current is stored in a battery through electrical and chemical processes which is subsequently used for lighting and for driving motors to produce power.
A
Electrical Battery System
5
Q
heat from the sun for drying, dehydration, steam generation, and electricity generation.
A
Solar
6
Q
a type of fuel in which its energy is derived from biological
carbon fixation.
A
Biofuel
6
Q
produces mechanical power from the kinetic energy of the wind to
energize wind machines such as wind mill, wind pump and wind turbine.
A
Wind
6
Q
combustion to produce
heat, producer gas, bio-oil; fermentation to produce alcohol; and digestion to produce methane gas.
A
Biomass
7
Q
produces mechanical power from the kinetic energy of water to
drive pumps and micro-turbine for generation of electricity.
A
Hydro
7
Q
Biomass, such as rice husks, wood chips, etc., are used as fuel in the
production of steam which drives steam turbines that produces electricity.
A
Biomass Power Generation System
8
Q
rate of using energy usually expressed either in horsepower, watts,
pferde starke, etc.
A
Power
8
Q
Small DC generators are driven by a fast running
rotor to produce electricity for off-grid
applications, particularly in energizing farmers homes.
A
Wind Turbine System
8
Q
Fuel oil is used to produce mechanical power through combustion of fuel inside the engine cylinder.
A
Internal Combustion Engine System
9
Q
Heat is produced for various agricultural
processing operations by full or partial combustion of biomass.
A
Biomass Thermal System
9
Q
Direct current is produced from sun light
through a solar cell which is subsequently used for home lighting,
water pumping for crop irrigation, etc.
A
Solar Photovoltaic System
10
Q
Heat from the sun is captured by means of an absorber
or a concentrator for applications like
drying, dehydration, etc.
A
Solar-Thermal System
10
Q
system appropriate for distributed generation in which distribution grid user has a two-way connectionnto the grid and is only charge for his net electricity consumption and is credited for any overall contribution to the electricity grid.
A
Net Metering
11
Q
The kinetic energy of water is utilized to drive a wheel or a turbine to produce mechanical power for various applications like corn milling, grinding cereals, lifting water, electricity
generation, etc.
A
Hydro Power System
11
Q
amount of heat
energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water
one degree Fahrenheit.
A
British Thermal Unit
11
Q
force in pound acting on
a distance of 1 foot.
A
Foot-Pound
11
Q
the energy released per unit mass or volume of
the fuel when the fuel is completely burned
A
Heating Value of Fuel
11
Q
refers to the condition in which water in the final combustion products remains as vapor or steam.
A
Lower Heating Value
11
the high voltage backbone system of interconnected transmission lines, substations, and
related facilities
Grid
11
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
Calorie
11
a condition in which the water is condensed out of the combustion products
Higher Heating Value
11
also called pyrolysis oil or biocrude
bio-oil
11
is usually referred to the part of the energy of
an atomic nucleus which can be
released by fusion or fission or by
radioactive decay.
Nuclear Energy (Uranium)
11
is a material that stores energy which is subsequently extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner.
Fuel
11
a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, with other hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide.
Natural Gas
11
a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds that
are found in geologic formation beneath the earth’s surface.
Crude Oil
11
measures the ignition quality of fuel in the engine. The higher the number, the lesser the fuel is susceptible to 'knocking'
Octane Number
12
a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock
usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal
seams.
Coal
12
is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon
gases used as fuel in heating appliances and vehicles. It consists of
propane and butane.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
12
The gravity of liquid fuel is usually expressed in _____ degrees.
API (American Petroleum Institute)
12
the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel flow under prescribed condition. It is a very rough indication of
the lowest temperature at which fuel is ready to be pumped.
Pour Point
12
the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel is heated in order to give
off sufficient vapor forming an inflammable air-gas mixture
Flash Point
12
Biomass Producer Gas – is a gaseous fuel derived from burning of biomass at a temperature of around 900°C and with limited amount of air. When the fuel is gasified using
pure oxygen, the gas is called
synthetic gas
12
explosion caused by its premature burning in the combustion chamber
knocking'
12
is manufactured
from heavier distillation fraction, particularly gas oil;
Cracked gasoline
12
distance traveled by a piston
from top dead center to bottom dead
center.
Stroke
12
refers to the size of the opening of the cylinder which is almost equal
to the diameter of the piston plus the
rings.
Bore
12
measures the ignition quality of diesel fuel. The higher the number, the easier it is to start
a compression-ignition engine
Cetane Number
12
volume in
the combustion cylinder when the
piston is at the TDC position.
Clearance Volume (CV)
12
consists of all
types of natural raw or cracked gasoline and are mixed together in the refining process.
Blended gasoline
12
ratio of the
total volume to the clearance volume
Compression Ratio (CR)
12
series of events occurring one
after the other is a definite order and
repeating the event after the last one
has occurred.
Cycle
12
power
available at the drive shaft or
crankshaft of the engine.
Brake Horsepower (BHP)
12
amount of pressure generated during
the power stroke of an engine.
Mean Effective pressure (MEP)
12
lowest
position of the piston during intake
and power stroke.
Bottom Dead Center (BDC)
12
uppermost
position of the piston during the
compression and exhaust stroke.
Top Dead Center (TDC)
12
volume
displaced by a piston in one stroke
Piston Displacement (PD)
12
equivalent to one
complete rotation of the crankshaft.
Revolution
12
power generated at the combustion chamber
of the engine.
Indicate Horsepower (IHP)
12
power of the
engine as specified by the
manufacturer.
Rated Horsepower
12
houses the valves,
spark plug or fuel injector and serves
as cover for the cylinder block.
Cylinder Head
12
ratio of the
brake horsepower to the indicated
horsepower.
Mechanical Efficiency
12
power
loss due to friction of piston and other
components of the engine.
Friction Horsepower (FHP)
13
ratio of the
brake horsepower to the power
available in the fuel.
Brake Thermal Efficiency
13
rate of
fuel consumed per unit brake power
Specific Fuel Consumption
13
minimum speed the
engine runs at no load, usually around
900 rpm.
Idle Speed
13
opening
adjustment of the engine throttle at
the best operating condition which is
usually 75% of the total opening.
Optimum Throttle Opening
14
hollow cylinder with
closed top upon which the expanding
gases act and transmit force to the
crankshaft.
Piston
14
joins the connecting rod
and the piston. It is removable to
facilitate replacement of piston.
Piston Pin
14
retain compression, reduce cylinder wall contact thereby reduce
friction losses and wear
Piston Rings
14
encloses the piston
and confines the expanding gases.
Cylinder Block
14
actuates the valves
through a rocker arm to open and
close during engine operation.
Camshaft
14
allows the flow of fuel and exhaust gases.
Valve
14
receives the power from
the piston and transmits it to the other
parts of the engine to do useful work.
Crankshaft
14
the control device of an
engine. It governs or controls the
engine speed at some fixed value
while power output changes to meet
the demand.
Governor
14
connects the piston
and the crankshaft. It transmits power
from the piston to the crankshaft.
Connecting Rod
14
an alternative form of power transmission that functions most like
the automatic transmission of an
automobile.
Hydro Static Transmission
14
encloses and supports the crankshaft and serves as reservoir for
the lubricating oil
Crankcase
14
contains the oil used to
lubricate an engine
Oil Pan
14
rugged high performance work tools that can be added to the tractor to increase its
job functions.
Implement
14
used in measuring the
level of lubricating oil in an engine.
Dip Stick
15
the energy storage
device of an engine to keep it at uniform speed when the crankshaft is
not receiving power from the piston.
Flywheel
15
consists of two lift arms and one top link where
pins are attached to the
implement. It is used to attach rear-mounted attachments like mowers, blades, scrapers, posthole digger, tiller, and backhoes.
Three-Point Hitch
15
a framework that supports the tractor frame and guts including the engine, transmission, suspension, etc.
Chassis
15
increases the output of
the tractor engine by about 20%.
Turbo Charger
15
an added weight to the
tractor that serves as a counter balance to a heavy load that is
usually found at the rear of the tractor.
Ballast
15
an attachment to the tractor 3-point
hitch allowing the operator to easily
hook onto implements without leaving the tractor seat.
Fast Hitch or Quick Hitch
15
a bar on the rear of the
tractor used for towing.
Drawbar
15
a large bucket like
implement attached to the front of the tractor for lifting materials.
Front-End Loader
15
hydraulically-driven transmission that
offer variable speed with the use of
a foot pedal.
Hydraulic Transmission
15
amount of energy an
engine takes to lift 550 pounds one
foot in one second.
Horsepower
15
is used to prove to
an attachment, the PTO allows the
attachment to draw energy from the
tractor ’s engine.
Power Take Off
15
ability of a tractor to turn on a dime adding
more maneuverability to the tractor.
Zero Turning Radius
15
is use to transfer the
power from the engine to the drive wheels and to the power take off.
Power Train
15
a frame on open station (non-cab)
tractors that provide a safe environment for the operator in an
event of a rollover.
Roll-Over Protective Structure
15
gear system that determines the speed of direction of
the tractor.
Transmission
15
allows for the shifting of gears on the move
without the gears clashing.
Synchronized Transmission
16
refers to the number of
individual voltages applied to the motor.
phase
16
a machine that converts
electrical to mechanical power producing
rotational motion and torque.
electric motor
16
an armature winding or the rotating part of the motor which is
typically constructed of a laminated steel core containing current carrying copper wire.
Rotor
17
maximum torque a motor can develop during overload without stalling.
Breakdown Torque
18
support the shaft of the motor. The sleeve bearing is standard for most motors. The roller bearing supports the
shaft at any position with less maintenance.
Bearings
19
a device or a mechanical contrivance consisting of two or more relatively constrained components which
is energized by a power source to transmit and/or modify force and motion to accomplish some desired work
Machine
19
applied on the withers, in front and over the shoulder of the animal.
Withers Yoke
19
short duration high power input process generally between 200° to 300°C using cooking oil.
Frying
19
the most suitable harnessing system. It includes a frame for fitting on the animals, padding for protection and comfort, and a device for hitching
implements.
Collar
19
a heating device where biomass fuel is burned to produce heat for various processing operations or for steam generation to drive turbines and produce electricity.
Biomass furnace
19
lighter and simpler harness and is widely used for horses and mules because of simplicity and lower cost.
Breast band
19
mainly used for bovines. Power is taken from points on the animal
higher than collars and breast bands. It can be used either for single, double, or triple number of animals.
Yoke
19
known as a forehead
yokes which are tied in front of the horns. Padding is required between the yoke and the animals neck.
Head Yoke
19
raising the temperature of water to 100°C and then allowed to simmer until the exothermic reaction in the food is completed.
Boiling
19
provides information on the percentages of
volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash
in the fuel.
Proximate Analysis
19
usually used for biomass furnaces to obtain quality heat without smoke, tars and particulates.
Heat Exchanger
19
provides information on the chemical composition of fuel in terms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur as mass percentages of
dry and ash-free biomass materials.
Ultimate Analysis
19
there is loss in the system as the energy is transformed in the system
2nd law of thermodynamics
19
20
combustion of fuel in the furnace is sustained when the temperature at the bed approximates the kindling temperature of about 300° to 400°C.
Fuel-Bed Temperature
20
the constant volume combustion cycle
otto cycle
20
It is the ratio of the amount of air to the stoichiometric air needed in gasifying the fuel. ER is at the ranged of 0.2 to 0.4 for all biomass.
Equivalence Ratio
20
constant pressure combustion cycle
diesel cycle
21
gas produced by putrefactive bacteria that breaks down organic matter under airless condition. It is
produced by anaerobic digestion
Biogas
21
Flammable, colorless, tasteless, and odorous
biogas
21
C/N ratio of _____ to 30:1 is suitable for
anaerobic digestion.
20:1, 30:1
21
serves as a bioreactor. It is a water-tight and air-tight container designed for the process and anaerobic microbial degradation of organic matter into which the slurry is introduced for digestion and methanization.
Digester
21
Consists of a plastic bag at the upper part where the gas is stored.
balloon plant
21
Consists of an enclosed digester with fixed and non-movable gas space. Gas is stored in the upper part of the digester.
Fixed-Dome Plant
22
consists of a digester and a moving gas holder. The gas holder floats either directly on the fermentation slurry or in a water jacket of its own.
Floating Drum Plant
22
an alternative energy source which is renewable, cleaner, and more dependable than the conventional petroleum fuel. It is an ethanol derived from sugar cane, sweet sorghum, nipa and coconut sap, starchy corn and cassava, and other plant materials like cellulosic straw.
bioethanol
22
bioethanol with 99.99% alcohol content used for blending with gasoline fuel.
Anhydrous Bioethanol
23
mixture of two or more liquids that behave as one with a constant boiling point. It is formed when the ethanol content in water reaches 95.57 percent.
Azeotrope
23
alcohol produced from fermented nipa sap, molasses, and other sugar-rich biomass materials.
Bioethanol
24
source of fuel derived from any living organism such as agricultural crop residues, forest products, etc. except fossil fuel.
Biomass
25
piece of equipment that cools or removes heat from the vapor turning the vapor into liquid.
Condenser
26
raw form of bioethanol which constitute an alcohol content of more or less 40 percent. It is produced in a distiller without a distilling column commonly used in the production of spirit alcohol.
Crude Bioethanol
27
liquid product obtained after condensation from vapor during distillation process.
Distillate
27
apparatus used in distilling process to separate alcohol from water.
Distiller
28
process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by selective boiling and condensation.
Distillation
28
condensed alcohol introduced to the top of the distillation column to give the alcohol-water vapors a final
condensation to enhance proof strength
Reflux
29
chemical process brought about by the action of yeast and enzymes that converts fermentable sugars to
alcohol with carbon dioxide and heat as co-products.
Fermentation
29
instrument used to measure the specific gravity of liquids, including ethanol. The higher the specific gravity, the more buoyant the hydrometer in the liquid.
Hydrometer
29
gasoline fuel blended with 20 percent anhydrous bioethanol
E20
30
portion of a distillation column in which rising vapor is enriched by contact with the countercurrent falling
stream of condensed vapor, which returns
to the top of the stripper column as a liquid.
Rectifier
30
water and residual alcohol remaining in the boiler/steamer of the
distiller after distillation.
Stillage
30
straight or undiluted alcohol with water or other fuel.
Neat Alcohol
31
bioethanol produced from a distiller equipped with a distilling column having an alcohol content of more or less 95 percent.
Hydrous Bioethanol
31
instrument used to determine a solution’s sugar content by
measuring the bend of light through a bead of wort in a refractive index
Refractometer
32
measure of distilled alcohol content in fuel or beverage alcohol.
Proof Strength
32
the average power density striking the earth surface is about
0.89
kW/m2
32
the type of solar cell that is widely used today.
pure silicon
32
portion of a distillation column which removes vapors from the descending liquids when the vapors rise to the rectifier section.
Stripper
33
requires some way to absorb and collect solar radiation
Active System
33
an alternative fuel
produced from vegetable oil and
animal fats.
Biodiesel
33
The one remaining in the distiller after distillation is _____, which can also be processed to further obtain alcohol
stillage
33
small unicellular fungi that reproduce by budding and through metabolism and enzymatic action
Yeast
33
The liquid coming out of the condenser is
called
distillate
33
It converts sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide in the process called
fermentation
33
The power density of solar radiation entering
the earth’s atmosphere is about
1.355 kW/m2
33
Biodiesel is similar to the characteristics with fossil “diesel” oil and is produced by the process called
transesterification.
33
widely used for
small appliances such as watch and calculators. It has low efficiency and low long-terms stability. Materials are rarely used in power
application.
Amorphous Silicon
33
Protects the battery against overcharging
and deep-discharging which are both harmful to the battery
Charge Regulator
34
requires no equipment to build-up heat
Passive System
34
an energy conversion system that generates electricity from
sunlight. It is an appropriate solution to energy supply problem in rural areas
Photovoltaic
34
array of solar cells which are interconnected and encapsulated behind a glass cover
Solar Module
34
has the best efficiency of about 14% of the sunlight can be utilized and more expensive than multi-crystalline silicon.
Mono Crystalline Silicon
34
the number of hours during which the rate of solar radiation is 1000 W/m2.
peak sun hours
34
a machine that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity using a fast running
rotor, usually having a high tip speed ratio.
Wind Turbine
34
elevates the rotor to
the desired elevation to obtain the wind speed necessary for water
pumping.
Tower Assembly –
34
Axis of rotation of the rotor is parallel to the direction of the
wind.
Horizontal-Axis Rotor
34
Axis of rotation of the rotor is perpendicular with the wind direction.
Vertical-Axis Rotor
34
a machine that converts
the kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical power for pumping water.
Wind pump
34
Axis of rotation of the rotor is both horizontal to the surface of the earth and perpendicular with the wind direction.
Cross-Wind Rotor
34
lifts water from the
source at a desired rate and head
Pump Assembly
34
supports the rotor
and the tail-vane assemblies allowing
the rotor rotation to produce vertical
reciprocation motion for driving a lift
pump.
Head Assembly
34
the surface of the blade over which the air flows. The flow results in
either a lift or a drag force.
Airfoil
34
allows the rotor
to perpendicularly face the incoming
wind, or can be adjusted depending on
the desired orientation.
Tail-Vane Assembly
34
converts the wind
kinetic energy to mechanical energy. It
consists of a rotor ring, blades, and a
drive shaft.
Rotor Assembly
35
the force measured
perpendicular to the air flow.
Lift
35
According to the Location of
Installation of the wind turbine :
river or ocean bed
off-shore
35
the force parallel with the air flow.
drag
35
classification of tower:
similar to those used for antennas where guyed wires hold the
tower at around 80% of its height from
the base
Guyed Tower
35
According to the Location of
Installation of the wind turbine :
Inland
on-shore
36
classification of tower:
commonly
used for smaller systems
Self-Supporting Tower
36
having 3 to 4 legs with lateral and diagonal braces supporting
the rotor assembly .
Lattice Tower
37
e.g. pattern daily
diurnal
38
angle required to lift
an airfoil. It is measured between
the chord line and the direction of the airflow
angle of attack
38
It is the ratio of the drag
coefficient to the lift coefficient. The
smaller the ratio, the maximum power
is obtained at the rotor.
Cd/Cl Ratio
39
a renewable, nonpolluting and environmentally-benign source of energy based on simple concept where moving water turns a turbine that spins a generator to produce electricity.
Micro-Hydro
40
This makes use of a
dam to stop river flow, building up
reservoir of water behind the dam. The
water is then released through turbines
when power is needed
Storage Scheme
41
This is common for small hydro power plant
where there is no any capability to
store the water.
Run-of-the-River Scheme
42
produces enough
electricity for large towns and extensive
grid supplies. Production capacity is
more than 100 MW of power, usually
feeding large electricity grid.
Large-Hydro
43
usually from 15 to
100 MW, feeding the grid.
Medium-Hydro
44
provides power
between 1 to 15 MW, usually feeding
into a grid.
Small-Hydro
45
provides a small
contribution to the national grid and
typically supplies power from 300 kW
to below 1 MW.
Mini-Hydro
46
a smaller hydro
system than mini-hydro and generally does not contribute to national grid. Typically used to supply power for one
rural industry or one rural community.
Power ranges from 5 to 300 kW.
Micro-Hydro
47
Few hundred watts up to 5 kW.
Pico-Hydro
48
Usually less than 1 kW
Tiny-Hydro
49
This is where the water
turbine and the generator are placed
including their accessories.
Powerhouse
50
cyclic water pump powered by
hydro power.
Hydraulic Ram Pump
51
the ratio of the average
load over a certain period and the
maximum load during that period
Load factor
52
the power consumed at
various points from the grid.
Electrical load
53
maximum power
production during time divided by
installed capacity.
Utilization factor
54
the ratio of the
average output for a given period of
time to the plant installed capacity.
Capacity factor
54
total capacity of all
the generating units installed.
Installed capacity
55
the minimum
amount of power produced during a
certain period of time.
Primary power
56
the amount of
power over the primary power.
Secondary power
56
a rotary or a linear
actuator that allows for a precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration.
Servomotors
56
an adjustable gate that is used to control the flow of water entering a turbine.
Wicket gate
57
It uses water-hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a
portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a
point higher than the water originally started.
hydraulic ram pump
58
a cyclic water pump powered by hydro power.
hydraulic ram pump
59
