Agression Flashcards
What is aggression?
Behaviour intended to hurt another person
What is assertive
behavior intended to express dominance/confidence
what are the 4 Types of aggression
- Direct Aggression
- indirect Aggression
- Emotional Aggression
- Instrumental Aggression
What is Direct Aggression
With a face-to-face confrontation
Can be physical or verbal
What is indirect Aggression
Without a face-to-face confrontation
EX: Online bullying, talking behind someone’s back
What is emotional Aggression
Stems from angry feelings that get out of control
What is Instrumental agression
Accomplish a different (nonaggressive) goal
Ex: tackle in american football
Who is more aggressive (types)
Assault and murder → men
Indirect aggression → women
What are the 4 Goals/ Functions of aggressive behaviour
- Cope with feelings of annoyance
- Gain material and social rewards
- Gain or maintain social status
4.Protect oneself and others
- Cope with feelings of annoyance
theories and hypothesis (goal/function aggressive behaviour)
- Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
2.Reformulated frustration-aggression hypothesis - Excitation-Transfer Theory
- Pain, extream heat, poverty
5.cognitive -Neoassociation theory
6.Weapons effect
what is Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis and the reformulated frustration-aggression hypothesis (Goal/ function: cope with feelings of annoyance)
DEF: Aggression is an autonomic response to any blocking of goal-directed behaviour
Old:
Frustration (and only frustration) → Aggression (in all forms)
New:
Frustration → Negative feelings → Emotional aggression
explain cognitive -Neoassociation theory (Goal/ function: coping with feelings of annoyance)
DEF UNPLEASANT situation trigger internal negative emotions and thoughts
Depending on person and situation, negative feelings can be expressed as aggression (fights) or flight
Weapons effect (Goal/ function: coping with feelings of annoyance)
DEF: tendency for weapons (ex guns) to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings and actions
- Gain material and social rewards theory (goal/function aggressive behaviour)
- Social learning theory
DEF: aggression can be learned through direct rewards OR by watching others being rewarded for aggressiveness
Bobo Doll Study (Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1963)
(goal: Gain maretial and social rewards (social learning theory)
If children saw aggressive adult rewarded, were MORE likely to imitate aggression
If children saw aggressive adult punished, were NOT likely to imitate aggression
TV and Aggression
Children (especially boys) who watch aggressive TV are more aggressive toward other children
Children who watched violent TV were more aggressive in adulthood
Researchers have found a relationship between violent video game playing and antisocial behavior
- Gain or maintain social status thoeries (goal/function aggressive behaviour)
- Sexual selection theory
DEF: the sex that competes more tends to be more aggressive
men are more likely to compete meaning they are more aggressive - Culture of Honor (situational factor)
DEF: Societal norms that suggest that people (especially men) should be ready to defend their honor with violent retaliation
More common in western cultures
- Protect oneself and others thoery (goal/function aggressive behaviour)
- Self-Defensive Aggression
DEF: Aggression is a reactive response to a perceived threat from others
Person factors:
Defensive attributional style
DEF: tendency to notice threats and interpret other people’s behavior as a threat
Situation factors:
Abusive relationships and Perceived Threats
5 Ways to reduce aggression
- Catharsis
- Punishment
3.Prevention - Rewarding alternatives
5.Education
What is Catharsis
The idea that “blowing off steam” can reduce aggression
(data does not back this up AT ALL)
When are punishments effective
when they are immediate and certain
Study (Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, & Schwarz, 1996)
(Culture of Honor #3 Gain or maintain social status thoeries (goal/function aggressive behaviour))
Southern vs Northern students
Perdition: students in south more likely to be offended by insult than north
A confederate bumped into the participant and called him an “asshole”
Measured behavior (chicken game (did not move till last min in the hallway)), testosterone (saliva), dominance (ratings and handshake (firmer handshake))
found : southern increased testosterone from before and after and the north didn’t react
