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ATPL > AGK - Airframe > Flashcards

AGK - Airframe Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major certification standards?

A

CS23 - Light aircraft

CS25 - Turbine powered large aircraft

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2
Q

What is the safe life concept?

A

No catastrophic damage to occur during normal operation over the life of the product.

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3
Q

What 3 ways can safe life be measured in?

A

Landings
Flight hours
Calendar duration

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4
Q

What is the fail-safe multiple load path concept?

A

Multiple load paths ensure if one fails, others can carry the load

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5
Q

What are the advantage of fail safe?

A

Inspections ensure failures are noticed

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of fail safe?

A

Heavier aircraft leading to increased costs

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7
Q

What is stress?

A

Internal force per unit area in component

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8
Q

What is strain?

A

Deformation caused by stress as a change in dimension as percentage of the original.

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of stresses?

A

Tension
Compression
Torsion
Shear

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10
Q

What is the ultimate load?

A

1.5 * Design load

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11
Q

What is the design load?

A

2.5 g for Transport aircraft

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12
Q

What is elasticity?

A

The ability of an object to return to it’s shape under stress up to the elastic limit where permenant deformation occurs.

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13
Q

What 2 types of corrosion are there?

A

Oxidisation - exposure to air

Electrolytic - current between two metals

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14
Q

What affects the rate of corrosion?

A

Level of moisture

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15
Q

What is the relationship between increasing weight and fatigue?

A

1% increase in weight

5% increase in fatigue life consumption

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16
Q

What are composites?

A

Combination of two or more organic or inorganic components.

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17
Q

What is a composite matrix?

A

Holds composite together

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18
Q

What is a composite fibre?

A

Provides reinforcement

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19
Q

What are 6 advantages of composites?

A 
Light
Strong
Stiff
Durable
Resistant to corrosion/fatigue
Excellent strength/weight ratio
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20
Q

7 Disadvantages of composites?

A 
Hard to find flaws
May absorb water, freeze and delaminate
Expensive to produce
Difficult to repair
Not damage tolerant
Non conductive
Heats up and delaminates when struck by lightning
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21
Q

What is hard time maintenance?

A

Set a definite limit for components after which it must be removed.

Failure preventitive method

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22
Q

What is on condition maintenance?

A

Inspect components to determine performance against a known standard.

Removal before failure in service.

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23
Q

What probability term for a minor failure?

A

Probable - 10^-3

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24
Q

What probability term for a major failure?

A

Remote - 10^-3 to 10^-5

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25
Q

What probability term for a hazardous failure?

A

Extremely remote - 10^-5 to 10^-7

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26
Q

What probability term for a catastrophic failure?

A

Extrememly improbable - 10^-9 or less

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27
Q

What is a truss structure?

A

Frames covered in fabric and doped
Internal bracing frames prevented buckling

Used in old type aircraft

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28
Q

What is a semi-monocoque construction?

A

Series of aluminium frames joined my longerons
Metal skin around the entire assembly

It no internal framework or truss

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29
Q

What is the skin used for in a semi-monocoque design?

A

Provides a smooth outer cover

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30
Q

What are formers and frames used for in a semi-monocoque design?

A

Defining the structure’s shape

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31
Q

Disadvantage of semi monocoque design?

A

Surface damage weakens the structure

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32
Q

What are the 6 principal components of the semi-monocoque design?

A

Aircraft skin

Formers/Frames

Stringers

Longerons

Bulkheads

Firewall

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33
Q

What do stringers do (semi-monocoque)?

A

Run logitudinally and bonded to skin to help withstand buckling

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34
Q

What are longerons?

A

Main logitudinal load carrying members of the fuselage which withstand banding loads

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35
Q

What are bulkheads?

A

Provide structural partitions within the fuselage to secure pressure.

Also provide structural support

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36
Q

What is a firewall?

A

A fire resistant bulkhead

37
Q

What is a machined structure?

A

A single piece of aluminium forms skin and stringer like structure through the use of acid to dissolve unwanted metal

38
Q

Advantage of a machined structure?

A

Dispenses of rivets and other attachment methods saving weight

39
Q

What two reasons are fuselage cross sections circular?

A

Ensures airflow will not separate at moderate angles of attack or sideslip

Easily withstand loads of pressurisation

40
Q

2 Advantages of double bubble fuselage?

A

Higher cruise critical mach number

Efficient, waste less space

41
Q

3 Advantages of Oval cross section fuselage?

A

Lower cost
Greater capacity
Better options for cargo loading

42
Q

What is the pressurisation differential maximum value?

A

9 psi

43
Q

What is the pressure hull?

A

Entire fuselage section between the forward and rear bulkheads

44
Q

What are the two forms of stress on the pressure hull?

A

Axial stress along the longitudinal axis

Hoop stress radially

45
Q

3 Components of wing construction

A

Semi-monocoque with refinements

Main spar/front spar
Rear spar
Held together with ribs

46
Q

What are the 3 types of wing design?

A

Cantilever
Semi cantilever
Externally braced

47
Q

What defines a cantilever wing?

A

It is support at one end so the structure supports all the load internally

48
Q

Why do all fast jet transport aircraft have cantilever wings?

A

External struts cause too much drag

49
Q

What defines a semi cantilever wing?

A

It has some supporting struts like a cessna 172

50
Q

What defines an externally braced wing?

A

Supporting struts and bracing wires, common on old biplanes

51
Q

What is a wing spar?

A

Main spanwise structural member designed to withstand bending moments and weight of wing on the ground.

52
Q

What is a torsion box?

A

Torsion box resists wing twisting adding to strength

53
Q

What are wing ribs?

A

Wing ribs provide the wing aerodynamic shape allowing the stressed skin to be attached to the wing structure and transfer loads into the spars.

54
Q

What to wing stringers do?

A

Same function as fuselage combine with ribs and transfer loads to the spars

55
Q

What is the wing stressed skin? (2 points)

A

Provides a smooth aerodynamic cover

Designed to withstand tension and compression stresses

56
Q

What is a wet wing construction?

A

Where internal wing space can form an integral fuel tank

57
Q

Construction of the empennage?

A

Similar to wing with main spar to carry main bending loads and ribs to define the structure shape with skin covering

58
Q

Benefit of a T-Tail?

A

Keep tail out of turbulent airflow of the wing

Smoother air flow

59
Q

Disadvantage of a T-Tail?

A

It’s stuck in turbulence from the wing at high angle of attack could develop into superstall/deep stall

60
Q

What 5 properties must flick deck windows have?

A
  • Excellent optical qualities
  • Be sealed securely to withstand cabin pressure
  • Withstand stresses from temp differences
  • Withstand significant impacts without breaking
  • Have de ice/anti ice properties
61
Q

What is inside a flight deck window? (2 piles)

A

Made of two transparent piles

Clear-vinyl interlayer absorbs impact forces and stops fragmenting

Electric conducting coat for anti-icing

Window set in pressure seals

62
Q

What does CS25 require direct vision windows to do?

2 things

A

Designed to slide back or open inwards

Large enough to be used as an emergency escape

63
Q

What are the CS25 regulations for a birdstrike? (Windshield and fuselage)?

A

Windscreen/Fuselage must be able to withstand penetration by a 4 lb bird at Vc at sea level or 0.85 Vc at 8000 ft.

64
Q

What is the eye refernce position?

A

CS25 requires aircraft to be fitted with one so flight crew seats can be adjusted to the correct position to achieve optimal viewing angle

65
Q

What is Pascal’s theorem?

A

Conservation of static pressure

The pressure is transmitted undiminished in all directions

66
Q

What is the conservation of energy formula in a hydraulic system?

A

Input force * input distance = output force * output distance

67
Q

What is a passive hydraulic system?

A

Human powered

68
Q

What is an active hydraulic system?

A

Use one or more pumps

69
Q

What is a closed centre hydraulic system design?

A

Constant pressure all the time

70
Q

What is a open centre hydraulic system design?

A

Pressure only when needed

71
Q

What are the types of hydraulic fluid?

A

Synthetic - Used where butyl/teflon seals
Mineral - only synthetic rubber seals, red colour

DO NOT MIX DIFFERENT TYPES

72
Q

What is an open hydraulic circuit?

A

Series flow
Can only select one thing at a time
Spur gear (constant flow) pump used
Used on small to medium aircraft

73
Q

What is a closed hydraulic system

A

Systems provided flow in paralell
Can operate multiple systems simultaneously
ACOV provides idling when no systems are used
Uses variable volume pump

74
Q

What is the purpose of a stack pipe?

A

Ensures an emergency supply of fluid is avaliable in event of fluid loss.

75
Q

Why do we pressurise the top of a hydraulic reservoir? (2)

A

To prevent cavitation in the pump

To prevent evaporation

76
Q

What is the purpose of a hydraulic accumulator?

A

Piston with nitrogen above
Stores hydraulic pressure
If hydraulic pump fails can provide limit emergency pressure for essential services
Can damp out pressure pulses caused by the pump

77
Q

What does the pressure gauge read on an accumulator with no power?

A

The pre charged nitrogen gas pressure

78
Q

What does the pressure gauge read on an accumulator with power?

A

The system pressure

79
Q

What do we have to use in conjunction with a constant delivery pump in a hydraulic system?

A

An ACOV (Automatic cut off valve)

80
Q

What is a constant delivery pump?

A

Spur gear pump
Dump pump
Provides a constant volume of fluid supply

81
Q

What is a constant pressure pump?

A

Through use of a swash plate and pistons we get no flow when it isn’t required (swash plate at 90 degrees)

No ACOV required for this type of pump as it can provide a variable volume based on needs.

82
Q

In a constant pressure pump at what angle of the swash plate do we get no flow?

A

90 Degrees

83
Q

How do we make a hydraulic motor?

A

Like a constant pressure pump but use a fixed angle swash plate and force fluid in the other way

84
Q

How do we know if a hydraulic filter is blocked?

A

Red tag comes out the top if relief valve activated

When pops out can also activate a warning light

85
Q

What is the purpose of relief valves?

A

To help prevent excessive system pressure

86
Q

What does a restrictor valve do?

A

Restricts flow to slow speed to operate slower service

One way allows full flow in one direction but restricted in other

87
Q

What is a pressure maintaining/priority valve?

A

Closes off non essential systems once pressure drops below set point

Allows other circuits to continue

88
Q

What is the purpose of a shuttle valve?

A

Allow to use the most appropriate pressure to operate a service (EASA)

Uses differential pressure to guarantee supply if either system fails.

ATPL (5 decks)

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