Aggression

Question 1

Assertive behaviour

Answer 1

Are not intended to cause any injury or harm

Are goal directed

Are within the rules, laws and spirit of the game

Only use legitimate force

Question 2

Causes of aggression

Answer 2

Nature of sport 
Poor officiating 
Rivalry between teams or players
Nature and proximity of the crowd 
Venue (home or away) 
Score line (losing by large margin) 
Frustration at own or others performance

Question 3

Instinct theory

Answer 3

• Nature approach
• Innate
• Evolutionary development : our need to dominate
• Energy release : cathartic, aggression displaced via sport

Question 4

Frustration - Aggression hypothesis

Answer 4

• Interactionist approach

- Proposes frustration will always lead to aggressive behaviour and aggression will always be caused by frustration

Question 5

Cue arousal theory

Answer 5

• Based on work of Dollard but incorporates learning and arousal.
• Suggests frustration will cause arousal to increase but aggression only occurs if socially acceptable cues are present.

Question 6

Social learning theory

Answer 6

• Nurture approach
• Rejects idea that aggression is innate
• Proposes aggressive behaviour is learned through observation and copying.
• If reinforced is repeated in similar situations (vicarious experience)

Question 7

Social facilitation

Answer 7

When participating in physical activity, the presence of other people who may not be directly watching may affect arousal levels.

Question 8

Zajonc’s Model

Answer 8

‘The influence of the presence of Others on performance may be positive or negative’

If the presence of others has a positive effect on performance = social facilitation

If it has a negative effect = social inhibition

Question 9

Channeled aggression

Answer 9

Performers actions are within the laws of the game and goal directed, with the intention to harm another player