Ageing Muscles and Bone Flashcards
As we age there is a gradual decline in muscle mass, estimated to be 1-2% after 50y/o. Which of the following factors have not been linked with determinants involved in the reduction in muscle mass?
1 - genetics
2 - gender
3 - early life growth and peak muscle mass
4 - maintaining muscle mass in later life
5 - factors to reduce muscle loss
2 - gender
In ageing there is a reduction in muscle fibre number. Specifically which type of muscle fibre is reduced?
1 - fast twitch type 1
2 - fast twitch type 2
3 - fast twitch type 2a
4 - all fibre types are reduced
2 - fast twitch type 2
- also linked with reduced neurons and reduction in myocytes
What 2 of the following is said to infiltrate the muscles in ageing?
1 - Ca2+
2 - fat
3 - connective tissue
4 - Iron
2 - fat
3 - connective tissue
Which of the hormones below is NOT, linked to muscle mass have been shown to be reduced in ageing?
1 - Reduction in Testosterone in men
2 - Reduction in Growth Hormone
3 - Reduction in Oestrogen in women
4 - Reduction in Cortisol
4 - Reduction in Cortisol
Sarcopenia has been defined as an age related, involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. There are 3 criteria, which of the following is NOT one of them?
1 - low muscle mass
2 - low type 2 fibres
3 - low quality and quantity of muscle
4 - low physical performance
2 - low type 2 fibres
Sarcopenia has been defined as an age related, involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. What % of men >80 y/o is sarcopenia common in?
1 - 3%
2 - 15%
3 - 30%
4 - 60%
3 - 30%
- common in those with long immobility
Sarcopenia has been defined as an age related, involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Which of the following is sarcopenia NOT associated with?
1 - polypharmacy
2 - falls
3 - fractures
4 - frailty
1 - polypharmacy
Which of the following is the MOST important when assessing a patients muscle?
1 - muscle strength (grip strength)
2 - muscle function (timed up and go)
3 - muscle mass (tape measure, MRI)
4 - all equally important
2 - muscle function (timed up and go)
Which of the following is NOT currently an approach to treat and prevent sarcopenia?
1 - resistance exercise
2 - testosterone supplementation
3 - nutrition
4 - vitamin D supplementation
2 - testosterone supplementation
As we age so to do our joints. Which of the following is the most common?
1 - osteoporosis
2 - osteoarthritis
3 - rheumatoid arthritis
4 - gout
2 - osteoarthritis
- 50% of over 85 year olds have osteoarthritis of the knee
Osteoarthritis is the most common disease affecting joints as we age. Which of the following is NOT a key driver in osteoarthritis?
1 - accumulation of mechanical damage to the musculoskeletal system – exacerbated by extrinsic factors such as obesity
2 - human upright posture putting inappropriate stresses on the joints
3 - reduced ability to repair joint damage in older age
4 - vitamin D levels intake and sun exposure
4 - vitamin D levels intake and sun exposure
- this would be correct for osteoporosis
Is age classed as a contraindication to a joint replacement?
- no
- providing they are fit and well
At what age does peak bone mineral density typically occur?
1 - 10-15 y/o
2 - 15-25 y/o
3 - 25-30 y/o
4 - 30-40 y/o
3 - 25-30 y/o
- once peak BMD has been reached it begins to decline
Which of the following factors is NOT a factor affecting peak bone mass development in younger adults?
1 - Genetics
2 - Type of birth
3 - Exercise
4 - Sex
5 - Nutrition
6 - Hormonal status
7 - Diet
2 - Type of birth
Which 2 of the following factors increases the loss of bone mass in older adults?
1 - employment type
2 - menopause
3 - social life
4 - chronic illness
2 - menopause
4 - chronic illness
All of the following occur in bones as we age that contribute to lower bone mass, EXCEPT which one?
1 - reduced trabecular bone
2 - loss of strength of cortical bone
3 - decreased osteoclastic activity
4 - reduced osteoblastic activity
5 - Vitamin D deficiency
3 - decreased osteoclastic activity
- osteoclasts degrade bone
- typically this increases as we age
Vitamin D3 supplements is an important aspect to help maintain bone mineral density. What is the name of the active form of vitamin D once it has been metabolised in the body?
1 - 7-dehydrocholesterol
2 - 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3 - 25 hydroxyvitamin D
4 - ergocalciferol
2 - 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
- also known as calciferol
- low vitamin D is linked with osteoporosis and sarcopenia
Which of the following is NOT associated with contributing to vitamin D deficiency in ageing?
1 - Decreased Vitamin D3 production by skin
2 - Decreased dietary intake of Vitamin D
3 - Reduced renal function
4 - Liver disease
5 - osteoarthritis
5 - osteoarthritis
Although vitamin D deficiency is easy to assess and easy to treat, what % of patients in care homes are estimated to have vitamin D deficiency?
1 - 4%
2 - 14%
3 - 24%
4 - 40%
4 - 40%
Fragility fractures, which are fractures caused from a fall at standing height are common in osteoporosis. Which of the following are fragility fractures associated with?
1 - increased mortality – hip fractures have a 20-30% 1 year mortality
2 - Morbidity – chronic pain
3 - Disability
4 - Gait disorder and change in posture
5 - Progression of frailty
6 - all of the above
6 - all of the above
Which of the following is NOT an important markers of frailty?
1 - weight loss
2 - reduced muscle strength
3 - reduced gait speed
4 - age
4 - age
