Age of Unification Flashcards
Before the age of Unification, what were the problems of the warring states?
Daimyo: local samurai rulers during warring period
- need to defeat/keep peace with their enemies
- need to control their retainers and prevent rebellion
- need profit from production of villagers
- prevent competing forms of political organizations (i.e. ikki) outside temple/aristocratic control
During the age of unification what did the two portuguese merchants bring?
guns, christianity, and trade
- matchlocks - tanegashima - muskets: became crucial for war
- encouraged daimyo to have good relations with westerners early on
- negoro temple and city of Saikai near osaka become major producers of muskets
Describe the role of Otomo Sorin and Funai city in trade during the age of Unification
- funai (Oita): Otomo Sorin, daimyo of Funai, converts the foreign trade in Funai city
Describe the role of Omura Sumitada and Nagasaki in trade during age of Unification
Nagasaka - local lord Omura Sumitada gives Jesuits Nagasaki as their city
- prospered trade site
What happened to the use of the sword during the age of unification?
the use of bow does into deep decline bc of muskets
“way of samurai” becomes “way of sword”
- replaces spear
- ritual disembowelment
Describe Nobunaga’s role in Unification
“pounded the cake”
- Entered Kyoto and subjugated Daiki (1/2 of unification)
- burned down Hieizan temple complex: HQ of tendai school
- battle of Nagashino: destroys Takeda calvary with musketry
What were Oda Nobunaga’s policies?
musketry
castle town residence for samurai
- village for samurai at bas of mountain: close to HQ
free markets
anti-ikki leagues and against political/military power of religions
How did Nobunaga die?
assassinated in Kyoto by Akechi Mitsuhide
died with young make lover
Describe the life of Hideyoshi
peasant: came from low class but became great warrior
never became a shogun bc he’s not a noble
nicknamed Kinoshita Saru: monkey bc he’s ugly
changed name to Kinoshita Tokichiro
What was Hideyoshi’s role in unification?
“baked the cake”
- sword hunt
- defeats Hojo and subjugates all daimyo in japan
- unnecessarily invades Korea twice: failed bc of Ming sending help
What were Hideyoshi’s policies?
- separate peasants and samurai
- know productivity for tax in rice
- forge samurai to contribue to field
- allow bureaucratic management - bases authority in imperial rule - he is regent
Describe the death of Hideyoshi
before he died, took best samurai in Japan and created councils until son became adult
- senior council: Ieyasu
- Junior council: Ishida Mitsunari - constant threat of rebellion
Describe the role of Ieyasu
“enjoyed the cake”
battle of sekigahara:
- between Ishida Mitsunari and Ieyasu
- all lords, including Hideyori submit and recognize Ieyasu
Describe the base condition of the Tokugawa order during the Tokugawa period
longest rule after the emperor - all from Tokugawa
military rule with main goal to maintain peace
- no war for 250 years
cadastral surveys and village self-management
paternalistic household base unit of society
urbanization of most samurai
commercial control through coastal towns - monopoly of commerce
status identities become more formalized
acceptance of samurai class to rule
shogun maintained symbolic rule
In the collateral houses during the Tokugawa period, describe the gosanke
part of family that always supported Tokugawa
- best lands, low tax
- councillors who were chosen from inner dairy lords decide policy and make rulings over others
In the collateral houses during the Tokugawa period, describe the Inner lords
subordinate from before 1600
- still had prestige and $$$
- were eligible to serve as officials in Tokugawa’s gov’t
In the collateral houses during the Tokugawa period, describe there outer lords
allied with Tokugawa during or after Sekigahara
- generally not eligible to serve as Tokugawa gov’t official
Describe the alternate attendance system that was put in place during the Tokugawa period
Daimyo required to maintain residence in Edo
- live there every other year
leave children and 1st wife in Edo at all times
- threaten to kill them if they try to rebel
expenses usually 50-80% of daimyo income
- usually had to take out loans
why: maintain stability
Describe the legal system during the Tokugawa period
much more regulated, but had relative peace
rules for aristocratic and warrior houses
rules for various buddha sects and shinto shrines
- local parishioners must register at temple
- schools formalized into sects by gov’t for first time
hyojosho - central court for cases of people on tokugawa land
daimyo rule inside their domains
What were foreign relations like during the Tokugawa period?
controlled, but not isolated
- three daimyo subcontract foreign relations near Matsumae: trade with siberian people of Ezo
- trade/diplomatic relations with Korea in Pusan and Wakan
Tokugawa trade relations with china, SE asia, and netherlands at Nagasaki
- Jap not allowed to sail abroad after 1639
What were the religious Inquisitions of the tokugawa period like
Tokugawa sent special forces to villages
- told to step on Mary/Jesus
- if they refused, assumed christian and registered for watch or executed
What was done for the deification of Nobunaga?
built a temple in Sokenji behind his castle at Azuchi
- wanted to be venerated like god
- worshiping him guaranteed safe and peaceful life
What was done for the deification of Hideyoshi
mausoleum was built and hideyoshi’s spirit was enshrined
What was the role of the Yoshida (shinto) family for deification?
had the power to deify people
- cult concentration on shinto
according to Kaneo: kami are primordial energy
- duality of life/death: part of energy of kami
- kami are within us
- Hachiman was a bodhisattva, did not want buddhified kami
Who was Boshin Yoshida?
part of the yoshida family and protected Nobunaga’s deification
What was Hideyoshi’s spirit deified as?
Toyokuni Daimyojin
- was supposed to be Shin Hachiman
- Toyokuni: cultural deity - chose this instead because they wanted to separate Shinto and Buddhism
Who were the two people who fought to deify Ieyasu?
Bonshun (Yoshida Shinto) vs. Tenkai (Sanno Ichijitsu shinto)
- Tenkai won battle
What was Ieyasu deified as?
Tosho Daigongen - “Great Avatar Illuminating the East”
- role was to preserve peace and stability in world
- manifestation of buddha
- this and sanno are suijaku - manifest traces
- becomes a hitogami - manifest god
What did the deification of Ieyasu do to the relationship between buddhas and gods
buddhas and gods were upholders of secular order
buddhas and kami became equal
