after quiz 2 Flashcards
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What are the 3 main components of DNA
- a pentose sugar (a cyclic, 5 carbon sugar)
- a phosphate group that has a negative charge
- a nitrogenous base
What is a nucleotide
The repeating unit in DNA, it comprises a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogenous bases
What are the 4 possible bases in a nucleotide
- adenine (A)
- guanine (G)
- thymine (T)
- cytosine (C)
What did Watson and Crick do for the advancement of our understand of DNA
- they made a model of DNA that showcased:
- DNA is made up of pentode sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the 4 nitrogenous bases
- the proportion of A to T is equal and C to G is equal
- DNA has the shape of a helix or corkscrew
Complementary base pairing
-pairing of the nitrogenous base of one strand of DNA with the nitrogenous base of another strand; A paris with T, and G pairs with C
Human genome project
A collaborative worldwide project to sequence the nitrogenous bases in human DNA
Coding vs non coding DNA
- coding DNA is a region of DNA that contains a sequence of nucleotides that will be expressed; a gene
- non coding DNA is a region of DNA that does not contain a sequence of nucleotides that will be expressed
Functional Genomics
The study of the relationship between genes and their function
Example of functional genomics
Genetic tests can predict such diverse matters as whether people with breast cancer need chemo or whether individuals are at risk for eye disease
The process of DNA fingerprinting
- a pattern bands on a gel that is unique to each individual
- forensic detectives perform multiple tests and compare many bands from each sample. If every band on the subjects goes match every band from the crime scene sample it is highly likely that the suspect was at the crime scene
- it is an effective forensic tool because it is a relatively easy test that can determine the innocence or guilt of individuals involved in crimes
Why are mice a good model for studying human genes
- they share many similarities to humans with respect to nitrogenous base sequence, gene location and coding and non coding regions
- they also share a similar number and type of genes
- most genes found in humans also exist in mice
Blood type A: antigens and antibodies
- antigen A
- anti B antibodies
Blood type B: antigens and antibodies
- antigen B
- anti A antibodies
Blood type AB: antigens and antibodies
- antigen A and B
- neither anti b or anti a antibodies
Blood type O: antigens and antibodies
- none (no surface proteins)
- anti A and anti B antibodies
What is an antigen? What do they do?
Proteins on the surface of the red blood cell. They act as recognition factors for our immune systems. Important for blood transfusions to receive blood that is compatible. It is also a substance that induces the formation of antibodies
What happens when white blood cells do not recognize the antigen?
It considers the cell and invader and produces antibodies to attack that cell.
ie. type A blood produces antibodies (immune response) against type B
What is the role of white blood cells?
Detect and attack disease in the body
Surface antigen + opposing antibodies ——>
Agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis
Aggulation
Interaction between antigen and antibodies that produces clumping
- co-agulation (clumping)
- no-coagulation (no clumps)
- receiving an incorrect blood type will cause agglutination
Rh factor
- another type of protein on the surface of red blood cells
- if you have the Rh factor you are Rh positive
- if you don’t have it you are Rh negative
- Rh inheritance is independent of blood type
- over 85% of people are Rh +
- if your baby is Rh + and you are Rh - you could reject/attack it
