after quiz 2

Question 1

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 2

What are the 3 main components of DNA

Answer 2

• a pentose sugar (a cyclic, 5 carbon sugar)
• a phosphate group that has a negative charge
• a nitrogenous base

Question 3

What is a nucleotide

Answer 3

The repeating unit in DNA, it comprises a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogenous bases

Question 4

What are the 4 possible bases in a nucleotide

Answer 4

• adenine (A)
• guanine (G)
• thymine (T)
• cytosine (C)

Question 5

What did Watson and Crick do for the advancement of our understand of DNA

Answer 5

• they made a model of DNA that showcased:
• DNA is made up of pentode sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the 4 nitrogenous bases
• the proportion of A to T is equal and C to G is equal
• DNA has the shape of a helix or corkscrew

Question 6

Complementary base pairing

Answer 6

-pairing of the nitrogenous base of one strand of DNA with the nitrogenous base of another strand; A paris with T, and G pairs with C

Question 7

Human genome project

Answer 7

A collaborative worldwide project to sequence the nitrogenous bases in human DNA

Question 8

Coding vs non coding DNA

Answer 8

• coding DNA is a region of DNA that contains a sequence of nucleotides that will be expressed; a gene
• non coding DNA is a region of DNA that does not contain a sequence of nucleotides that will be expressed

Question 9

Functional Genomics

Answer 9

The study of the relationship between genes and their function

Question 10

Example of functional genomics

Answer 10

Genetic tests can predict such diverse matters as whether people with breast cancer need chemo or whether individuals are at risk for eye disease

Question 11

The process of DNA fingerprinting

Answer 11

• a pattern bands on a gel that is unique to each individual
• forensic detectives perform multiple tests and compare many bands from each sample. If every band on the subjects goes match every band from the crime scene sample it is highly likely that the suspect was at the crime scene
• it is an effective forensic tool because it is a relatively easy test that can determine the innocence or guilt of individuals involved in crimes

Question 12

Why are mice a good model for studying human genes

Answer 12

• they share many similarities to humans with respect to nitrogenous base sequence, gene location and coding and non coding regions
• they also share a similar number and type of genes
• most genes found in humans also exist in mice

Question 13

Blood type A: antigens and antibodies

Answer 13

• antigen A

- anti B antibodies

Question 14

Blood type B: antigens and antibodies

Answer 14

• antigen B

- anti A antibodies

Question 15

Blood type AB: antigens and antibodies

Answer 15

• antigen A and B

- neither anti b or anti a antibodies

Question 16

Blood type O: antigens and antibodies

Answer 16

• none (no surface proteins)

- anti A and anti B antibodies

Question 17

What is an antigen? What do they do?

Answer 17

Proteins on the surface of the red blood cell. They act as recognition factors for our immune systems. Important for blood transfusions to receive blood that is compatible. It is also a substance that induces the formation of antibodies

Question 18

What happens when white blood cells do not recognize the antigen?

Answer 18

It considers the cell and invader and produces antibodies to attack that cell.
ie. type A blood produces antibodies (immune response) against type B

Question 19

What is the role of white blood cells?

Answer 19

Detect and attack disease in the body

Question 20

Surface antigen + opposing antibodies ——>

Answer 20

Agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis

Question 21

Aggulation

Answer 21

Interaction between antigen and antibodies that produces clumping

• co-agulation (clumping)
• no-coagulation (no clumps)
• receiving an incorrect blood type will cause agglutination

Question 22

Rh factor

Answer 22

• another type of protein on the surface of red blood cells
• if you have the Rh factor you are Rh positive
• if you don’t have it you are Rh negative
• Rh inheritance is independent of blood type
• over 85% of people are Rh +
• if your baby is Rh + and you are Rh - you could reject/attack it