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HES 101 > After Midterm 2 > Flashcards

After Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Role of the CNS

A
  • interpreting sensory information
  • planning/monitoring movement
  • maintenance of homeostasis
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2
Q

divisions of the brain

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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3
Q

cerebrum function

A
  • higher mental function
  • interpretes sensory stimuli
  • plans and initiates movement
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4
Q

diencephalon function

A
  • process, integrates, and relays information
  • maintains homeostasis
  • regulates biological rhythms
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5
Q

cerebellum function

A
  • monitors and coordinates movement
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6
Q

brainstem functions

A
  • maintains homeostasis
  • controls certain reflexes
  • integrates and relays information
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7
Q

structures of the cerebrum and the function

A

cerebral cortex: receiving sensory/motor inputs
- primary motor cortex
- primary sensory cortex
- muli-task association areas
basal nuclei: movement
- caudate nuclei
- putamen
- globus pallidus
limbic system: emotion, memory, learning
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- fornix (primary white matter output tract)
- limbic lobe: cingulate gyri, parahippocampal gyrus (grey matter cortex)

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8
Q

structures of the diencephalon and functions

A
  • thalamus: edits, sorts, routes stimuli
  • hypothalamus: autonomic NS, sleep/wake cycle, thirst/hunger, body temp, hormone production, pituitary gland secretion
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9
Q

structures of the brainstem and functions

A
  • midbrain: visual/auditory stimuli processing, carries motor fibers from the cerebral cortex, monitors movement from basal nuclei, mediates reflexes
  • pons: breathing, sleep/wake cycle
  • medulla oblongata: contains white matter, movement and sensations, autonomic functions
  • reticular formation: sleep, pain transmission, mood, homeostasis
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10
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates the left and right hemispheres

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11
Q

what makes up the grooves and ridges increasing surface area of the lobes

A

sulci and gyri

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12
Q

what are the lobes and the functions

A
  • frontal: planning, movement, complex mental function
  • parietal: processing and integrating sensory info
  • temporal: hearing, language, memory, emotions
  • occipital: vision
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13
Q

premotor cortex

A

movement planning, guidance, coordination, execution

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14
Q

broca’s area

A

language - speaking

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15
Q

wernicke’s area

A

language - understanding

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16
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

executive functions- goal setting, problem solving, decision making, planning, personality

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17
Q

parietal and temporal association areas

A

integration of sensory info, language, attention, recognition, spatial awareness

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18
Q

what are the single-task association areas

A
  • prefrontal cortex
  • broca’s area
  • temporal association area
  • parietal association area
  • wernicke’s area
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19
Q

what are the multi-task association areas

A
  • premotor cortex
  • frontal eye field
  • auditory association cortex
  • visual association area
  • somatosensory association cortex
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20
Q

primary motor cortex

A

plans and executes conscious movement

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21
Q

what are the primary sensory cortices and their function

A
  • somatosensory cortex: temp, touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, joint position
  • special senses: vision, hearing/vestibular, smell, taste
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22
Q

whats the protection of the brain and their functions

A
  • cranial meninges: three layers of membranes
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): fluid that fills cavities
  • blood-brain barrier: prevents substances from entering brain and the cells
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23
Q

order of cranial meninges and whats it made of up

A

dura matter (periosteal–> meningeal) –> subdural space –> arachnoid matter –> subarachnoid space –> pia matter
- mainly composed of dense irregular CT

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24
Q

dura matter

A
  • thick and durable (most superficial)
  • periosteal: outer layer
  • meningeal: inner layer
  • dura folds
  • dural sinuses: veins that drain CSF and deoxygenated blood
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25
Q

arachnoid matter

A

thin, web-like

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26
Q

subarachnoid matter

A
  • contains major blood vessels
  • filled with CSF
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27
Q

pia matter

A
  • deepest layer
  • covers the sulcus and fissure
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28
Q

ventricles of the brain

A
  • 4 linked cavities that are a continuous central canal filled with CSF
  • lined with ependymal cells
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29
Q

roles of CSF

A
  • cushions brain
  • maintains constant temp
  • waste removal
  • buoyancy of brain
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30
Q

blood-brain barrier

A
  • protects CSF and extracellular fluid
  • made up of endothelial cells (tight-junctions) and astrocytes (provide structure)
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31
Q

what system is the cranial nerves apart of

A

peripheral NS (found in the brainstem)

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32
Q

order of cranial nerves
order- Ooh, ooh, ooh to touch and feel very good velvet and hands
type- Some say marry money, but my brother says big brains matter more.

A
  1. olfactory (S)
  2. optic (S)
  3. oculomotor (M)
  4. trochlear (M)
  5. trigeminal (B)
  6. abducens (M)
  7. facial (M)
  8. vestibulocochlear (S)
  9. glossopharyngeal (B)
  10. vagus (B)
  11. accessory (M)
  12. hypoglossal (M)
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33
Q

Cranial N (I)

A

olfactory (S)
- smell
- nose to primary olfactory cortex

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34
Q

Cranial N (II)

A

optic (S)
- vision
- eye to primary visual cortex

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35
Q

Cranial N (III)

A

oculomotor (M)
- eye/eyelid movement
- pupil constriction
- lens shape from brainstem to eye muscles

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36
Q

Cranial N (IV)

A

Trochlear (M)
- eye movement
- brainstem to eye muscles

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37
Q

Cranial N (V)

A

trigeminal (B)
- M: chewing muscles
- S: ficial, nasal, oral sensation
-M: brainstem to jaw muscles
- S: facial areas to primary somatosensory cortex

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38
Q

Cranial N (VI)

A

Abducens (M)
- eye movement
- brainstem to eye muscles

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39
Q

Cranial N (VII)

A

facial (B)
- M: movement of facial muscles, tongue, salivary glands
- S: sensations of facial muscles, tongue, salivary glands, ear
- M: brainstem to facial muscles
- S: ear, tongue, nasal cavity to somatosensory areas cortex

40
Q

Cranial N (VIII)

A

vestibulocochlear (S)
- balance/equilibrium
- sound
inner ear to auditory areas

41
Q

Cranial N (IX)

A

glossopharyngeal (M)
- M: swallowing
- S: triggers salivation
- M: brainstem to throat muscles
- S: tongue and throat to brainstem

42
Q

Cranial N (X)

A

vagus (M)
- M: swallowing and voice
- S: visceral organs
- M: brainstem to muscles of throat
- S: visceral organs to brainstem

43
Q

Cranial N (XI)

A

accessory (M)
- speech, head/neck/shoulder movement
- brainstem to head/neck/shoulders and SC

44
Q

Cranial N (XII)

A

hypoglossal (M)
- tongue
- brainstem to muscles of tongue

45
Q

where does the spinal cord extend from

A

foramen magnum to L1-L2

46
Q

conus medullaris

A

distal end of SC

47
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of spinal nerve roots at end of SC

48
Q

filum terminale

A

continuation of the pia metter after the end of the SC (anchors at the coccygeal vertebrae)

49
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • 31 pairs
  • 4 plexuses
  • all are mixed (S & M)
50
Q

types of neurons

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • pseudounipolar
51
Q

multipolar neurons

A

-one axon with one two or more dendrites (spinal motor neuron, pyramidal cell, purkinje cell)
- function: motor (efferent), interneurons
-location: CNS and PNS

52
Q

bipolar neurons

A
  • one axon with one dendrite (special sensory neuron)
  • function: sensory (afferent)
  • location: special sense organs in PNS
53
Q

pseudounipolar

A
  • single short process that splits into two axons, no dendrites (general sensory neuron)
  • function: sensory (afferent)
  • location: sensory neurons in the
54
Q

afferent (sensory) nerurons

A
  • information from posterior root to SC
55
Q

efferent (motor) neurons

A
  • information out of SC to target cells via anterior root
56
Q

structure and functions of an ascending sensory spinal cord

A
  • posterior columns: carry somatosensory stimuli and proprioception
  • spinocerebellar tracts: proprioceptive stimuli
  • spinothalamic tracts: stimuli about temp, pain, and touch
57
Q

structure and functions of descending motor spinal cord

A
  • corticospinal tracts: motor stimuli
  • reticulospinal tracts: motor stimuli, maintenance of posture
  • tectospinal tract: motor stimuli, reflexive movement
  • vestibulospinal tract: motor stimuli, maintenance of posture
58
Q

sensory divisions PNS

A

somatic sensory division:
- special senses: vision, hearing, balance, smell, taste (specialized regions of cortex)
- general sensory neuron: touch, pain, temp, proprioception (somatosensory cortex)
visceral sensory divisions: stimuli from organs

59
Q

sensory/signal transduction

A

when sensory receptors respond to a specific stimuli by the opening of an ion channel on the nerve ending in response to the stimulation (depolarization: receptor potential)
- if threshold is reached then an AP is propagated along the axon into the CNS

60
Q

types of sensory receptors

A
  • mechanoreceptor: mechanically gated (responds to anything physically deforming)
  • thermoreceptor: temp change
  • chemoreceptor: specific chemicals
  • photoreceptor: light (only eye)
  • nociceptors: noxious stimuli (pain)
61
Q

types of mechanoreceptors

A
  • free nerve endings: touch, pressure, temp, pain
  • merkel cell fibers: (skin) discriminative touch, and fine spatial resolution
  • tactile corpuscles: (skin) discriminative touch
  • ruffini endings: (skin & ligaments) stretch
  • lamellar corpuscles: (skin) vibrations and deep pressure
  • proprioceptors: muscle spindles (skeletal muscles) and golgi tendon organs (tendons) detect movement of joints
62
Q

proprioceptors

A
  • muscle spindles (each spindle contains 2-12 specialized muscle fibers, intrafusal muscle fibers)
  • embedded in skeletal muscles (extrafusal muscle fibers)
  • innervated by gamma-motor neurons
  • mild contraction of intrafusal muscle fibers (keeps muscle fibers tight to that it remains sensitive to stretch)
63
Q

what are the sensory neurons of proprioceptors

A
  • primary afferents: stretch
  • secondary afferents: muscle length and limb position
64
Q

steps of the detection of somatic sensations by the NS

A
  1. PNS: stimulus is detected, triggers and AP
  2. PNS: AP is conducted of the first-order sensory neuron and transferred to the central process
  3. PNS to CNS: the central process transmits the AP to the second-order sensory neuron of the CNS
  4. CNS: the AP travels to the brain and is interpreted
65
Q

classification of sensory receptors

A
  • fast adapting: detect initial change and responds to a given frequency of AP firing, then ignores the stimulus if remains constant (phasic receptors)
  • slow adapting: responds to stimuli with a constant AP that does not decrease in frequency overtime (tonic receptors)
66
Q

how is speed of signal transmission affected

A

depends on axon diameter and myelin sheath
- large diameter axons with thick myelin: proprioceptive info, touch
- small diameter axons with little myelin: pain, temp

67
Q

receptive fields

A

the smaller the receptive field in a given region, the higher density of sensory receptors

68
Q

whats the role of the motor neuron output- CNS voluntary movement

A

plans coordination of the voluntary movement occurs within the CNS

69
Q

steps of the execution of voluntary movement

A
  1. motor association areas of the premotor cortex choose motor program
  2. instructions sent to basal nuclei
  3. instructions sent to primary motor cortex via the thalamus for execution of proper movement
  4. upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex are activated and signal travels down the corticospinal tract
  5. synapse with interneuron and lower motor neuron
70
Q

reflex arc definition
what is a reflex

A

reflex: programmed, automatic, response to stimulus
- do not require processing of the cerebral cortex
reflex arc: a complete reflex from detection

71
Q

steps of muscle fibers during stretch reflex

A
  1. muscle lengthens
  2. muscle spindle stretches
  3. sensory neurons increase AP firing
  4. signals the muscle to contract in order to protect the muscle from being overstretched
72
Q

lower motor neuron

A

cell bodies are in the anterior horn of the SC or brainstem

73
Q

motor neuron pools and the types

A

groups of lower motor neurons that innervate the same muscle. cell bodies are clustered together in the anterior horn of the SC
- large (alpha): motor neurons: majority of neurons in the pools. stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract by excitation-contraction mechanism
- smaller (gamma) motor neurons: innervate intrafusal fibers (part of muscle spindles)

74
Q

motor learning

A

corrections for motor error are collected and added to repetitive motor programs (more repetition = reduced error)

75
Q

types of reflexes

A
  • monosynaptic reflex: one synapse within the SC between sensory and motor neurons
  • polysynaptic reflex: multiple synapses
76
Q

structure of the eye

A

outer layer:
- sclera: white part
- cornea: translucent
vascular layer:
- choroid: mostly blood vessels
- iris: pigmented
- ciliary bodies: smooth muscle rings that help to change lens shape
lens: flexible and translucent
neural layer:
- retina: sensory cells (cones/rods)
- macula: cones
- fova: center of macula
- optic disk: all axons of optic nerve gather

77
Q

emmetropia

A

the lens flattens for distant vision
- ciliary body relaxed = lens flat

78
Q

accommodation

A

the lens rounds up for near vision
- ciliary body contract = lens more round (convex)

79
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness: eyeball too short
- blurred vision when looking at close objects
- correction: convex lens

80
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness: eyeball to long
- blurred vision when looking at far objects
- correction: concave lens

81
Q

layers of the retina

A

superficial –> deep
- choroid
- pigmented layer of retina
- rods/cones
- horizontal cell
- bipolar cells
- amacrine cells
- retinal ganglion cells

82
Q

horizontal cell function

A

enhance contrast

83
Q

amacrine cells function

A

seeing in variable light intensities and moving objects

84
Q

rhodopsin

A

rods: white pigment
- low light visual acuity (dim light)

85
Q

macula

A

cones: colour (red,green,blue)
- visual acuity (bright light)

86
Q

phototransduction and steps

A

conversion of light energy to electrical
1. light hits pigmented epithelium
2. pigment molecule within rods/cones change shape
3. Na+ channels close
4. cell hyperpolarizes
5. neurotransmitter release onto bipolar cell (inhibited)

87
Q

vestibular system

A

includes vestibule (utricle and saccule) and semicircular ducts that have hair cells
- hair cells release neurotransmitters into vestibular neurons (forms part of cranial nerve VIII)

88
Q

static equilibrium

A

maintaining balance when head is tilted but not moving

88
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

maintaining balance when head/body is moving

88
Q

What are CNS groups of neuron axons

A

tracts

88
Q

role of the autonomic NS and whats it controlled by

A
  • heart rate
  • BP
  • respiration
  • organ blood flow
    etc
    controlled by hypothalamus and other areas of the brain
89
Q

what are CNS groups of neuron cell bodies

A

nuclei

90
Q

what are PNS groups of neuron axons

A

nerves

91
Q

what are PNS groups of neuron cell bodies

A

ganglion (pleural = ganglia)

92
Q
A

HES 101 (2 decks)

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