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BIOL 300 > after midterm > Flashcards

after midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Normal distribution

A
  • shows probability density
  • takes 2 parameters the mean and standard deviation (or variance)
  • common in nature and shows a lot in sampling
    -symmetrical
    -about 2/3 of random draws are within one standard deviation of mean
  • ## about 95% of random draws are within 1.96 (~2) standard deviations of mean
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2
Q

standard normal distribution

A
  • mean is zero
  • standard deviation is one
  • its table gives the probability of getting a random draw from a standard normal distribution than a given value
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3
Q

How to convert any other normal to standard normal

A

Z= Y-mean/standard deviation
Y=value interested in
Z tells us how many standard deviations from the mean Y is

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4
Q

When are sample means normal distribution

A

if the variable itself is normally distributed

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5
Q

standard error of an estimate of a mean

A

the standard deviation of the distribution of sample means

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6
Q

Central limit theorem

A

The sum or mean of a large number of measurements randomly sampled for any population is approximately normally distributed, even if variable itself doesn’t have a normal distribution

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7
Q

compares a proportion to some hypothesized value of that proportion of a single categorical variable

A

Binomial test

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8
Q

About a single categorical variable with more that 2 possible values comparing data about frequencies to some distribution we hypothesis

A

chai square goodness of fit test

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9
Q

Numerical data comparing a mean of a group to some hypothesized value of that mean

A

one-sample t-test

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10
Q

comparing numerical groups with meaningful pairing comparing the differences of they pairs mean to some hypothesized value of the mean

A

paired t-test

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11
Q

compare two numerical groups to ask if they have the same mean

A

two-sample t-test

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12
Q

comparing the mean of multiple groups of a numerical variable and categorical

A

single factor ANOVA

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13
Q

asking if there is an association between two numerical variables and if so how strong is it

A

correlation -calculate r the correlation coefficient

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14
Q

Can we predict Y from X assuming linearity of the relationship

A

linear regression

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15
Q

weather two categorical variables are independent or associated (ie comparing two or more groups to ask if they have the same proportion of some response variable) with large amount of data

A

chai square contingency analysis i

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16
Q

Weather two categorical variables are independt or associated ( ie comparing two or more groups to ask if hey have some proportionof some response variable) with small amount of data

A

Fishers exact test

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17
Q

compare two numerical groups to ask if they have the same mean, allowing for variances to be different

A

Welchs t-test

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18
Q

Is there a normal distribution within a population or sample?

A

Shapiro-Wilk test

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19
Q

data from a single sample has a particular median, when normality is not there

A

sign test, not very powerful (non-parametric)

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20
Q

do two groups have the same distribution? not assuming normality

A

Mann-Whitney U test

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21
Q

do multiple groups have the same distributon not assuming normality

A

Kruskal-Wallis test

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22
Q

after you rejected null hypothesis of ANOVA, what pair group has a different mean?

A

Tukey- Kramer test

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23
Q

two catigorical explanitory variables wlith one numerical response variable. Asking if the first affect the mean does the second affect the mean and is there an interaction between the two catigorical explanitory variables

A

two-factor ANOVA

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24
Q

two explanatory variables, one is categorical and the other is numerical variable and one response. Asking if the categorical variable influence the response, does the numerical affect the response or is there a relationship between the two explanatory variables on the response

A

ANCOVA

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25
Q

relationship between two numerical variables without assumption of linearity

A

Spearman’s correlation

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26
Q

Trying to fit a parabula function to numerical variables

A

Quadratic regression

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27
Q

comparing two groups to see if they have the same variance for a numerical variable

A

Levenes test

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28
Q

use a numerical variable to predict a binary response variable

A

Logistic regression

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29
Q

a method to look for association between variables, hypothesis approach, using the data we already have

A

permutation

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30
Q

a method to use resampling in a computer to get a confidence interval or estimate, using data we already have

A

bootstrapping

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31
Q

How do you do a confidence interval for a proportion?

A
32
Q

how do you do a confidence interval for the mean of a normally distributed variable

A
33
Q

How do you do a confidence interval for the variance of a normal distributed variable

A
34
Q

How do you do a confidence interval for the regression slope

A
35
Q

Compare proportion to a constant

A

binomial

36
Q

compare proportion from two groups

A

chai square contingency test, if not enough data fisher exact test

37
Q

test independence of two categorical variables

A

chai- square contingency analysis

38
Q

compare frequency data to a model

A

chai square goodness of fit test

39
Q

compare a meant o a constant, assuming normal distribution

A

t-test

40
Q

compare the means of two groups, assuming normal distribution

A

2 sample t-test

41
Q

compare the mean difference of two groups, assuming normal distribution

A

paired t-test

42
Q

compare means of more than two groups, assuming normal distribution

A

single factor ANOVA

43
Q

compare a median to a constant not assuming normality

A

sign test

44
Q

compare the distribution of two groups not assuming normality

A

Mann-whitney U test

45
Q

compare median diff of two groups that are paired not assuming normality

A

sign test

46
Q

Compare means of more than two groups not assuming normality

A

Kruskal wallis

47
Q

test for independence of two numerical variables - with assumptions

A

corelation

48
Q

test for independence of two numerical variables - not normal

A

spearman correlation

49
Q

two numerical variables to predict one from another

A

linear regression if they fit a line

50
Q

compare two slopes

A

ANCOVA

51
Q

Test the interaction of two categorical factors effects on a numerical variable factor

A

multifactor ANOVA

52
Q

Compare to a normal distribution

A

Shapero wilks test

53
Q

compare the variances of two groups

A

Levenes test

54
Q

predict a binary variable from a numerical variable

A

logistic regression

55
Q

Do people who receive a vaccine differ from those who do not in whether they get a disease in the next 5 years

A

chai square contingency test if enough data, smalll data is fishers exact test

56
Q

Do people who finish college on average get a higher income than people who do not?

A

two sample t-test

57
Q

How can we use the wing length of a bumble bee to predict its maximum flying speed

A

linear regresion

58
Q

how can we use the wing length of a bumble bee to predict its max flying speed?

A

linear regression

59
Q

how much variation in flying speed of bumblebees is predicted by their wing lengths?

A

coefficient of determination (r^2)

60
Q

IS the weight at age 2 different on average for sets of dogs that are fed one of 5 different kinds of dog foods?

A

single factor ANOVA

61
Q

Does the number of yellow/ wrinkled, yellow/smooth, green/ wrangled, and green/smooth peas in a cross fit the 9:3:3:1 ratio predicted by Mendel?

A

chai square goodness of fit test

62
Q

does the number of green and yellow peas from a cross fit the 3:1 ratio predicted by Mendel? (you only have 17 data points)

A

binomial

63
Q

Does the growth rate of sea stars vary with temp?

A

correlation test if normal spearman’s correlation if not normal

64
Q

Does the relationship of sea star growth rate and temp vary depending on whether calcium is added to the water not?

A

ANCOVA

65
Q

Is the mean length of elephant trunks different in males and females

A

two sample t-test

66
Q

are people equally likely to be born on each of the 7 days of the week

A

chai-squared goodness of fit

67
Q

An experiment measured the effects of a treatment adding calcium to a diet a treatment adding selenium to a dies adding both or neither and measured the swimming speed of fish is there an effect on swimming speed of adding calcium adding selenium or an interaction between those two

A

multifactor ANOVA

68
Q

Is the height normally distributed

A

shepero wilks test

69
Q

Do trees with and without added fertilizer have the same variance in growth rate?

A

Levene’s test

70
Q

Can we predict whether seed germinates or not from the weight of the seed?

A

linear regression

71
Q

The developmental pathway leading to the formation of spots on butterfly wings has been studied by surgical excision of a small amount of tissue on the left wings of a set of butterflies with the right wings left untouched. The size of the spots on these wings was subsequently measured. How would you test whether the manipulation had an effect on spot size?

A

paired t-test

72
Q

comparing a mean of a random sample from a normal population with the population mean proposed in a null hypothesis

A

One sample t-test

73
Q

compares the means of two groups without requiring the assumption of equal variance

A

Welch’s t-test

74
Q

comparing the central tendencies of two groups using ranks

A

Mann-Whitney U test

75
Q

used for hypothesis testing on measures of association without assuming normality

A

permutation tests

76
Q

a non-parametric test comparing variance of multiple groups, using ranks of the data points

A

Kruskal-Wallis test

BIOL 300 (3 decks)

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