afro final Great Depression - Obama Flashcards
Freedom Rides
1961 (CORE)
was seen as political protest to end segregation, especially on buses
drove through southern towns
influenced Morgan v VA & Boynton v VA which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional
Emmitt Till
1955
murdered by a group of white men, offended Carolyn Bryant, tortured and thew body in river, police wanted to bury without proper investigation but Mamie insisted otherwise
freedom schools
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SNCC
student nonviolent coordinating committee, 1960
emerged from sit-ins activism
study groups, planning, political education, debates, workshops
Bombingham
1947-1965 nickname for Birmingham AL, so many blk homes were burned and churches were burned down
Kwame Ture
AKA Stokely Carmichael
ADD BIO
Shirley Chisholm
first Black woman to run for pres
first Black woman elected to congress (1968)
John Lewis
chariman of SNCC, led 600 person civil rights demonstration after shooting Jimmy Lee Jackson in Selma, arrested >40 in civil rights movement, “get into good trouble”, inspired by MLK and Rosa Parks
Atkins High School
Nov 1951—walkout
Caroline lost her red pocket book plz come get it –> 700 students walked out and marched to demand better facilities and resources
Brown V Board of Ed in Topeka
Landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional in 1954
HARYOU
HARYOU’s funding came first from the New York City government, then from Pres Kennedy’s Committee on Juvenile Delinquency, and later from the War on Poverty’s Community Action Program
HARYOU proposed to study and to intervene in Harlem’s neighborhoods to improve the lives of the youth. The neighborhood became the geographic center of a national informal economy in the late 1950s and early 1960s: the heroin trade
HARYOU (and HARYOU-ACT, as the entity was called after 1965) created an educational space that developed young people as agents in the advancement of their communities.
Mamie Till
Emmitt Till’s mother, she was a school teacher. She didn’t give up on bringing Emmit back to Chicago to be buried even if it meant breaking the law. She held an open casket to show the world how Emmitt was mutilated.
brave through pain
remedial education
special ed, who is teacher or what is curriculum, tailor made education: was it a way to catch up or enforce educational divide among Black vs white students?? importance of Paraprofessional, cultural translators. Everyday kids in Harlem were given a chance to gain knowledge bc these paras were Black & Latinx women
filling the jails
1960s
Filling up the jails, so they couldn’t arrest anymore people. A method of resistance. Taking the power and fear of the large state apparatus, overwhelming the state’s capacity.
prison industrial complex
Business and things that support the prison system outside the carcel state
James Chaney
civil rights worker killed by KKK in 1964
He is important because he showed that white people were also hurt protesting, the extent that America would go to protect racial inequality.
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
Washington Dc 1963
The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered this iconic ‘I Have a Dream’ speech.
connected to local organizing that had gone on for decades in NAACP youth councils, churches, unions, women’s groups, and more. It was not individuals who chartered buses from all over the country — it was organizations,
A. Philip Randolph conceptualized this march over 20 years prior
Diane Nash
student at fisk university, freedom fighter, example of love used to confront racial violence, Diane Nash talks about the evolution of sit ins and what they meant to her, led students to Nashvilles first sit in, She became one of the founding members of tr SNCC in 1961. This group was important throughout the Civil Rights Movement. She was also on the front lines as a Freedom Rider.
Merritt Community College (Oakland, CA)
1966
site of the beginning of the BPP
Bobby Seale and Huey Newton went to college and started BPP here
The Black Student Movement
1960s-1970sCollege student activism: black college students engaging in the demands for civil rights and black power, Black college students demanding that the university itself be a sight for transformation, least to loose could be the most dedicated, freedom rides, freedom schools, voting registration campaigns, sit ins, engaging in the strategy of filling the jails, SNCC, Diane Nash, the 3 killed etc
Greensboro NC
site of 1960s sit in
young African American students staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave after being denied service. The sit-in movement soon spread to college towns throughout the South. Important because it was student led, nonviolent, challenged racial norms. within a week 1400 students were doing it across the country
Bennett Belles
during the Greensboro sit-ins they served as lookouts, they made picket signs and participated as “marchers, and canvassers.” The students also planned and organized strategy meetings. They are part of the unsung heroes in the CRM, part of SNCC,
Cornell Student Takeover
1969
group of students took over Straight Hall and started an armed revolt to takeover the building
Part of the larger era of student led protests also brought weapons on campus, these movement impacted students everywhere to show that Black students everywhere were protesting.
buffalo student athlete strike
1970 Black/puerto rican student athlete go on strike, demands: fire the coach, scholarships, in response the university call the local police/tactical unit, this upsets students cuz universities are usually a sanctuary from police, next 5 days become unrest because of the police presence, bunch of faculty and students arrested, this leads to the start of campus policing, consequences faced: violence, expulsion, suspension,
in loco parentis
The term in loco parentis, Latin for “in the place of a parent” refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent. The student protests particularly the Buffalo one led to the demise on en locus parentus in public schooling: idea that when you go to school the profs/uni act in place of parent you basically can’t go or do anything without uni allowance.
bloody sunday
1965
A 600-person civil rights demonstration led by John Lewis (head of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) and Hosea Williams (Southern Christian Leadership Conference). Marching to protest the recent fatal shooting of Jimmie Lee Jackson, a 26-year-old church deacon, by state trooper James Bonard Fowler.
The plan? To march the 54 miles from Selma to Montgomery, the state capital.
But at the Edmund Pettus Bridge just outside Selma, they were ordered to disperse. When they didn’t, the police deployed tear gas and billy clubs. Lewis, then 25, was one of 17 marchers hospitalized; dozens more were treated for injuries.
The violence was broadcast on TV and recounted in newspapers, spurring demonstrations in 80 cities
love (in context of civil rights movement)
love of humanity is what drove people to envision a better america not just for black people, a radical form of love endorsed by Diane Nash, MLK, John Lewis, it was center in nonviolent protest, basically idea that love could overcome racial violence, in regards to the letter MLK shows just how hard nonviolent protest is but necessary, love was radical
letter from a birmingham jail
1963
written by MLK while in jail in addressing the church/clergy, writing to a secondary audience trying to negotiate, nonviolence, one of the most pivotal influential writing on the 20th century, profound intentionality, justice to long delayed is justice denied, the white moderate most detrimental to the CRM, 2 types of laws
Operation Breadbasket
mid to late 1960s
Breadbasket used the persuasive power of black ministers and the organizing strength of the churches to create economic opportunities in black communities. The group obtained employment statistics for industries selling their products in black communities and, if these statistics demonstrated that blacks were underemployed or restricted to menial positions, ministers from Operation Breadbasket asked the company to “negotiate a more equitable employment practice” (King, January 1967). If the company refused, clergy encouraged their parishioners to boycott selected products and picket businesses selling those products. (one of the most successful forms of protest)
shop ins
early 1960s A form of resistance and a way to disrupt businesses that denied black rights, example sears, but Black people would go into businesses where they knew they would not be catered to and kindly causes disruptions such as asking for multiple sizes, bringing a lot of things to the register but not buying etc
Children’s Crusade
May of 1963, over 5,000 students in Birmingham marched downtown to talk to the mayor about segregation. Many students got arrested and marches were stopped by the head of police who brought fire hoses to ward off the children and set police dogs after the children. This event compelled President John F. Kennedy publicly support federal civil rights legislation and eventually led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This was opposed by Malcolm X and MLK
Sears
1962
chose Sears because appliances were important for homes and was popular dept store, apply for credit cards, wouldn’t get it, shop-in tactic to clog up the racists and embrace non-violence
Elmer Geronimo Pratt
decorated Vietnam vet, was the deputy minister of defense of Southern California chapter of Panthers, spent 27 years in prison over a false murder conviction, released in 1997
Anne Moody
during CRM
involved in SNCC and NAACP, wrote about growing up being poor and Black in Mississippi, famous author
post-racial society
The belief that after Obama was elected, America had moved past the notions & strong meanings of race where it did not matter anymore. Some people still think America is a post-racial society
War on Crime
1965 deemed by Lyndon B Johnson, labeled crime a crippling epidemic hindering the progress of the nation, law enforcement became deployed as front line soldiers to crime and became responsible for monitoring poverty, racial hostility, family breakdown & restlessness of young people, police receive military grade weapons & received riot control training
Student Codes of Conduct
after students starting taking over unis, late 1960s, after they took over, uni created student conduct codes to try to discriminate upon student-led protests
Vietnam War
opposed by Black Panther Party, especially around Black soldiers “why would you fight for a country that doesn’t fight for you”, common themes of imperialism and capitalism in Vietnam and US
Fred Hampton
died in 1969 born into wealth, tried to promote liberation for everybody, became the chairman for the Illinois Black Panther Party and formed the Rainbow Coalition He was still breathing when shot by the FBI, and eventually died. Powerful speaker about capitalism, revolutionary education and the greater world
Long Hot Summer of 1967
The National Guard was called in and over 7000 people were imprisoned, riots in Atlanta, Boston, Cincinnati, Buffalo, and Tampa. In July there were riots in Birmingham, Chicago, Detroit, Minneapolis, Milwaukee, Newark, New Britain, New York City, Plainfield, Rochester, and Toledo. Most destructive were in Detroit and Newark, and as a result, president LBJ established Kerner Commission
Louise Little
mother of Malcolm X, she was a large Marcus Garvey supporter, she fought off the Klan, her husband Earl was a part of the UNIA and eventually died and the welfare state took over and CPS put her children into foster care while she was put in a mental institution
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
1965, part of LBJ’s war on poverty, Johnson administration decided south got no money if their schools were still segregated, it gives teeth to the brown v board of education act
Mansfield, TX
first TX school district affected by Brown ruling in 1956, after attempts of segregation 3 effigies were hung as intimidation, the governor called the TX Rangers to prevent Black kids from entering the school, The Mansfield School Incident encouraged later violent confrontations in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 and at the University of Mississippi in 1962. More immediately it was the principal factor in the passage of the 1957 segregation laws by the Texas state legislature which delayed integration for several years.
Asset Forfeiture
allows police to seize and keep or sell any property that was alleged for crime, tries to keep criminals from being repeat offenders
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freedom dreams
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