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A Level History: Civil Rights 1865-1992 > African Americans > Flashcards

African Americans Flashcards

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1
Q

What are human rights?

A
  • Fundamental rights, especially those believed to belong to an individual and in whose exercise a govt may not interfere
  • Includes the right to speak, associate, work etc.
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2
Q

What are civil rights?

A
  • Rights to personal Liberty established by the 13th and 14th Amendments to the U.S Constitution and certain Congressional acts especially as applied to an individual or a minority group
  • The rights to full legal, social, and economical equality extended to blacks.
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3
Q

What is congress?

A

Discusses laws and agrees the people in the President’s cabinet (personal advisors)

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4
Q

What is the role of the president?

A
  • Elected every 4 years
  • In charge of foreign and domestic policy, head of armed forces
  • A cabinet of advisors helps the president govern
  • Asks Congress to draft laws
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5
Q

What is the supreme court?

A
  • Highest court in the land whose judgements are final

- States whether or not a law is constitutional

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6
Q

When was Andrew Johnson president?

A

1865-69

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7
Q

When was the reconstruction period?

A

1865-1877

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8
Q

What was Andrew Johnson’s aim?

A

To re-admit and re-build the Confederate states and help African Americans integrate into society

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9
Q

What was Andrew Johnson’s plan?

A
  • All Southerners prepared to swear oath of allegiance to receive Amnesty
  • All required to ratify 13th Amendment
  • All property bar slaves to be returned
  • Civil and military leaders not pardoned
  • Slaves given land - Special Field Order #15 ‘Forty acres and a mule’
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10
Q

When was the emancipation proclamation?

A

1st January 1863

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11
Q

What was the emancipation proclamation?

A
  • Declared “that all persons held as slaves” within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free”
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12
Q

Why was the emancipation proclamation limited?

A
  • It applied only to states that had seceded from the United States, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states
  • The freedom it promised depended upon Union (United States) military victory.
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13
Q

Did the emancipation proclamation end slavery?

A

No

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14
Q

When was the 13th Amendment introduced?

A

1865

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15
Q

What was the 13th Amendment?

A
  • Abolished slavery everywhere in the USA

- Gave Congress power to ensure this through legislation

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16
Q

When was the Freedman’s Bureau created?

A

1865

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17
Q

What was the Freedman’s Bureau?

A
  • A federal agency
  • Lasted for 4 years
  • Supplied food, medical services and schools to freedmen
  • Also negotiated work contracts between them and their former masters
  • It was an example of social welfare by the state.
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18
Q

When was the first Civil Rights Act?

A

1866

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19
Q

What was the first Civil Rights Act?

A

Granted citizenship to anyone born in the USA (except Native Americans).

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20
Q

Why was the first Civil Rights Act limited in terms of helping African Americans?

A

It was only for those born in the USA which most slaves were not, they were traded and imported

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21
Q

What was the first Civil Rights Act in response to?

A
  • A response to the black codes of some Southern states (laws designed to limit the rights and freedom of former slaves)
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22
Q

When was the 14th Amendment introduced?

A

1866

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23
Q

What was the 14th Amendment?

A
  • A 4-part amendment
  • Confirmed the rights to citizenship
  • Forbade states from depriving the ‘privileges and immunities of citizens’
  • Forbade states from depriving any person of life, liberty or property without ‘due process of law’
  • Forbade states from denying citizens the ‘equal protection of the laws’.
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24
Q

When was U.S. Grant president?

A

1869-77

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25
Q

When was the 15th Amendment introduced?

A

1870

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26
Q

What was the 15th Amendment?

A
  • Forbade states from denying anyone the right to vote ‘on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude’
  • But left states free to restrict suffrage on other grounds such as illiteracy or poverty
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27
Q

When were the Enforcement Acts/Ku Klux Klan Acts?

A

1870-71

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28
Q

What were the Enforcement Acts/Ku Klux Klan Acts?

A
  • It became a federal criminal offence for an individual to restrict the civil and political rights of others
  • In order to control the Ku Klux Klan, martial law could be enforced and habeas corpus (the right to trial) suspended.
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29
Q

What were the Enforcement Acts/Ku Klux Klan Acts introduced in response to?

A
  • In response to increased violence in the South against freedmen
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30
Q

When was the 2nd Civil Rights Act?

A

1875

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31
Q

What was the 2nd Civil Rights Act?

A

A law to guarantee black Americans equal accommodation in public places, but lacked powers of enforcement.

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32
Q

How many Southern rebels were pardoned?

A
  • 13,000

- Far more than suggested

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33
Q

How many black people were killed in Texas between 1865-68?

A

1000

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34
Q

What were black codes?

A
  • Allowed African Americans to own property, draw up contracts, sue, attend school and marry
  • Forbade voting, serving on a jury, giving evidence against a white person, carrying arms and marrying a white person
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35
Q

Who introduced black codes following the 13th Amendment?

A

Southern States

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36
Q

When was the period of ‘Congressional Reconstruction’?

A

1867

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37
Q

What was the period of ‘Congressional Reconstruction’?

A

Radical Republicans took control of both Congress and Reconstruction, allowing the fourteenth and fifteenth Amendment to be ratified

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38
Q

When was The Period of Hope?

A

1867-77

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39
Q

From 1865-75, how many black men held office in the South?

A

1,465

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40
Q

What was the situation by the mid 1870s for African Americans?

A
  • Black sharecroppers, controlled by white landowners
  • Industrial employment discouraged by whites fearing for their jobs
  • Freedmen’s Bureau closed in 1872 - real fear of violence becomes evident
  • Contrast between De Jure (in theory/law) and De Facto (in reality/fact) rights became clear
  • Segregation was common but not formalised until later
  • African Americans seen as a corrupting influence on white children
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41
Q

When was the Slaughterhouse Case?

A

1873

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42
Q

What was the Slaughterhouse Case?

A
  • In judging a case concerning a meat monopoly, the federal Supreme Court decided that the rights of citizens should stay under state rather than federal control
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43
Q

What were the Jim Crow Laws?

A
  • Series of State Laws in the Southern and border states
  • Started with 8 Southern states introducing formal segregation of races on trains, 3 extended this to waiting rooms
  • Re-enforced school segregation
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44
Q

When were the Jim Crow Laws put into place?

A

Between 1887 and 1891

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45
Q

In what year was segregation extended to cover pubic places of all kinds?

A

After 1891

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46
Q

When were the Jim Crow Laws deemed constitutional?

A

1896

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47
Q

Which case made segregation constitutional?

A

Plessy vs Ferguson

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48
Q

What was Plessy vs Ferguson?

A
  • Separate but equal’
  • Plessy was a light-skinned mulatto, legally classed as black who sued after being denied a seat in an all-white railway carriage
  • Decided 8-1 against him that the segregation was constitutional
  • It ruled that separation didn’t mean inferior; this created a legal precedent for future cases.
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49
Q

When was Plessy vs Ferguson?

A

1896

50
Q

Who were the major early activists against the Jim Crow Laws?

A
  • Ida B. Wells
  • Booker T. Washington
  • Du Bois
  • Marcus Garvey
  • Frederick Douglass
51
Q

What did Ida B. Wells do?

A
  • Anti-lynching campaign

- Founded NAACP

52
Q

What were Ida B. Wells’ limitations?

A
  • Stubborn
  • Angry personality
  • Preferred to work alone
  • Limited support for NAACP
53
Q

What were Ida B. Wells’ impacts (social, economic, political)?

A
  • Social

- Political

54
Q

What did Booker T. Washington do?

A
  • Met with Teddy Roosevelt
  • Atlanta address
  • Tuskegee Institute
55
Q

What were Booker T. Washington’s limitations?

A
  • Too civil

- Slow with actions

56
Q

What were Booker T. Washington’s impacts (social, economic, political)?

A
  • Social

- Economic

57
Q

What did Du Bois do?

A
  • Founded NAACP
  • First AA to get a PhD from Harvard
  • Made a proclamation requesting equal rights
  • Niagara Movement
  • Called upon talented tenth
  • Set the foundations for equal rights
58
Q

What were Du Bois’ impacts (social, economic, political)?

A

Political

59
Q

What did Marcus Garvey do?

A
  • UNIA
  • Created his own newspaper called The Negro World
  • Pan-Africanism
  • Black Star Line
  • Encouraged black consciousness, pride in heritage
60
Q

What were Marcus Garvey’s limitations?

A

No long-term effect

61
Q

What were Marcus Garvey’s impacts (social, economic, political)?

A
  • Social

- Economic

62
Q

What did Frederick Douglass do?

A
  • Anti-slavery society and newspaper
  • Speaking tours and active protests
  • Autobiography about his experiences as a slave
  • The North Star anti-slavery newspaper which circulated through more than 4,000 readers in the US, Europe and West Indies
  • Campaigns for equality
  • Anti-slavery society and newspaper
63
Q

What were Frederick Douglass’ limitations?

A

Refused to run the Freedmen’s Bureau

64
Q

What were Frederick Douglass’ impacts (social, economic, political)?

A

Political

65
Q

When was the NAACP founded?

A

1909

66
Q

What was the NAACP?

A
  • First national association and eventually successful supporting civil rights
  • Led by both blacks and whites
67
Q

What were the policies of the NAACP?

A
  • Believe the races should live, work and be educated together
  • It would take cases to federal courts that would establish the equal rights of the African American
  • Defended those accused of rioting but non-violent organisation
  • Lobbying rather than mass action was the central policy
  • Supports anti-lynching law though it fails- contributes to decline in lynchings.
68
Q

How many members did the NAACP have by 1920 and what does it suggest?

A
  • More than 90,000 members

- Greater interest in civil rights post WW1

69
Q

How many members did the NAACP have by 1930 and what does it suggest?

A

Declined to 50,000 members

70
Q

How did people in the South feel about the NAACP?

A
  • White population was violently anti-NAACP.

- Therefore there was limited speaking opportunities in the South

71
Q

How many blacks supported communism after 1929?

A

7,000

72
Q

How did the Great Depression affect African Americans?

A
  • Hit harder than whites
  • 2 million Southern black farmers left the land as crop prices plummeted
  • Many went to the cities but urban black unemployment was between 30-60% and always higher than whites
  • Whites took over black jobs
  • Whites organised vigilante groups such as the black Shirts of Atlanta to stop blacks getting jobs
  • Blacks tended to be the last hired and first fired
73
Q

When was Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) president?

A

1932-45

74
Q

What was Franklin D. Roosevelt’s (FDR) aim?

A
  • Wanted to ‘save America’

- ‘We are going to make a country in which no one is left out’

75
Q

When was the New Deal?

A

1933-38

76
Q

What were the aims of the New Deal?

A
  • Relieve human suffering

- Promote economic recovery

77
Q

How did the New Deal attempt to achieve it’s aims?

A
  • Correcting the financial crisis
  • Offering initial short-term relief to the unemployed
  • Promoting industrial recovery by increased government spending and by cooperative agreements between govt, industry and unions
  • Alphabet Agencies
    The second New Deal programme 1935-38
78
Q

Why were the Alphabet Agencies introduced?

A

These were the first he first New Deal programmes

79
Q

When were the first New Deal programmes/Alphabet Agencies introduced?

A

1933-34

80
Q

When were the second New Deal programmes/Alphabet Agencies introduced?

A

1935-38

81
Q

Name the first New Deal programmes/Alphabet Agencies.

A
  • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
  • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
  • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
  • Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
82
Q

When was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

A

1933

83
Q

What was the purpose of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

A

Used farm subsidies to regulate farm production

84
Q

What were the issues with Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

A

Disbanded after WW2

85
Q

What impact did the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) have on African Americans?

A
  • More black workers were unemployed than white
  • Black American life expectancy was 10 years less than that of white Americans living in the same area
  • Lynching increased; 20 dead in 1930 and 24 in 1934.
86
Q

When was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?

A

1933

87
Q

What was the purpose of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?

A

Regional planning of a deprived area, with hydro-electricity conservation, flood control and educational and health projects.

88
Q

What were the issues with Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?

A

Still in operation, though criticised for it’s anticipated environmental impact

89
Q

What impact did the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) have on African Americans?

A
  • Racial segregation

- Sharecroppers suffered badly as farms went out of production and farmers reduced the number of labourers required

90
Q

When was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?

A

1933

91
Q

What was the purpose of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?

A

Provided work for young men aged 8-25, paying $30 a month, of which $25 had to be sent to their families

92
Q

What were the issues with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?

A

Disbanded in 1942

93
Q

What impact did the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) have on African Americans?

A
  • Racial segregation

- Sharecroppers suffered badly as farms went out of production and farmers reduced the number of labourers required

94
Q

When was the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)?

A

1934

95
Q

What was the purpose of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)?

A
  • Federal guarantees of private mortgages, with reduced down payments from 30% to 10%, and extended repayment time for 20 to 30 years.
  • Enabled more Americans to purchase their own homes
96
Q

What is a the strength of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)?

A
  • This policy continues today
97
Q

What impact did the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) have on African Americans?

A
  • Discrimination
  • A refusal to give mortgages for black families in traditionally white neighbourhoods
  • Reinforces segregation and effectively ghettos too
98
Q

Name the second New Deal programmes/Alphabet Agencies.

A
  • Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Wagner Act
  • Social Security Act (SSA)
  • Fair Labor Standards Act
  • National Housing Act
99
Q

When was the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Wagner Act?

A

1935

100
Q

What was the purpose of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Wagner Act?

A
  • Established work relief programmes funding a vast range of projects directed at different areas, including the Federal Art Project (FAP).
  • Helps resolve labour disputes
101
Q

What were the strengths and issues of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Wagner Act?

A
  • Ran for 8 years
  • Employed 8.5 million people
  • African Americans were excluded from trade unions
102
Q

What impact did the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Wagner Act have on African Americans?

A
  • WPA- Known for being ‘colour-blind’, with 1 million black Americans working for it by 1939
  • The Wagner Act- harmed blacks by making labour union monopolies legal, discrimination, encourages incentive in workers to exclude outsiders
103
Q

When was the Social Security Act (SSA) ?

A

1935

104
Q

What was the purpose of the Social Security Act (SSA)?

A
  • Guaranteed retirement payments for over-65s
  • Set up federal insurance for the unemployed
  • Provided additional assistance for the disabled, for public health and for dependent women and children
105
Q

What is a strength of the Social Security Act (SSA)?

A

Continues today

106
Q

What impact did the Social Security Act (SSA) have on African Americans?

A

Does not apply to domestic jobs (a major area of black female employment)

107
Q

When was the Fair Labor Standards Act?

A

1938

108
Q

What was the purpose of the Fair Labor Standards Act?

A
  • Set a minimum wage of 40 cent an hour
  • Set maximum working week of 40 hours for business involved in interstate commerce, and particular for workers not in unions
  • raised the wages of 12 million workers by 1940
109
Q

What were the strengths and issues of the Fair Labor Standards Act?

A
  • Massive benefits to the worker without the need of Trade Union negotiation
  • This was the last New Deal reform to become law
  • The system was a model for the future
  • Opposed by Southern conservatives on the grounds of excessive government interference with business
  • They also feared that Southern industry, with its traditional low wage structure, would lose it’s competitiveness
110
Q

What impact did the Fair Labor Standards Act have on African Americans?

A

No minimum wage for domestic workers (typically black jobs) leaving them unprotected

111
Q

When was the National Housing Act?

A

1938

112
Q

What was the purpose of the National Housing Act?

A
  • Established the United States Housing Authority

- Set up housing projects for low income families

113
Q

What impact did the National Housing Act have on African Americans?

A

Discriminatory as focused on suburban housing rather than the black areas in the inner city.

114
Q

Who introduced the New Deal?

A

Franklin D. Roosevelt

115
Q

What were the positive impacts of the New Deal?

A
  • Provided 1 million jobs, nearly 50,000 housing units and financial assistance
  • Government assistance allowed sharecroppers to become independent farmers
  • Eleanor Roosevelt- black women causes, Declaration of Human Rights
116
Q

What were the negative impacts of the New Deal?

A
  • Black people were not always given the aid and assistance available
  • Fair Labour Standards Act did not apply to domestic jobs (black jobs)
  • Tennessee Valley Authority built all white towns
117
Q

When the Dock Company in Mobile finally responded to federal pressure and employed blacks in 1943, how many blacks were injured?

A

50

118
Q

How many blacks served in the armed forces in WW2?

A

Over 1 million

119
Q

How many blacks were shot in Alexandria, Louisiana, by a drunken white Military Police, state troopers, local police and civilians?

A

13

120
Q

During WW2, how many members did the NAACP gain?

A
  • Gained 400,000

- From 50,000 to 450,000

121
Q

When was Harry S. Truman president?

A

1945-53

122
Q

Name the actions Truman took to improve the civil rights situation.

A
  • Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
  • Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR)
  • ‘To Secure These Rights’
  • Black involvement in the Korean War
  • Shelley vs Kraemer
  • CORE/NAACP/Freedom Rides
  • Impact on later Brown vs Board

A Level History: Civil Rights 1865-1992 (4 decks)

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